Table 1.
Summary of the 19 studies included in the present meta-analysis.
| Study [Ref.] | Study Design | Participants | Study Duration |
TRE Regimen (Fasting: Feeding) |
No. of Total Participants |
Age | Sex | Body Composition |
Blood Pressure |
Fasting Glucose | Lipid Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wilkinson et al. [23] | One group pretest–posttest design |
Metabolic syndrome (met 3 or more criteria) | 12 weeks | 14:10 | 19 | 59 ± 11.4 | 13 men, 6 women | Weight: 97.84 ± 19.73 kg WC: 109.14 ± 11.21 Fat (%): 36.62 |
Systolic BP: 127.88 ± 8.89 mmHg Diastolic BP: 78.47 ± 8.74 mmHg |
FBS: 106.72 ± 14.77 mg/dL HbA1c: 5.71% ± 0.45% |
TC: 181.42 ± 35.80 mg/dL LDLC: 104.33 ± 32.30 mg/dL HDLC: 47.00 ± 47.00 mg/dL TG:161.16 ± 87.30 mg/dL |
| Zeb et al. [28] | RCT | Healthy young adults | 25 days | 16:8 | 80 | 22.1 ± 2.1 | 56 men | ||||
| McAllister et al. [29] | One group pretest–posttest design |
Physically active college men | 28 days | 16:8 | 22 | 22 ± 2.5 | 10 men | Weight: 80.25 ± 11.8 kg Fat mass: 26.1 ± 20.6 kg Fat-free mass: 71.6 ± 11.5 kg |
Systolic BP: 118.3 ± 9.8 mmHg Diastolic BP: 75.7 ± 8.6 mmHg |
FBS: 90.8 ± 10.8 mg/dL |
TC: 138.8 ± 17.8 mg/dL LDLC: 83.3 ± 16.4 mg/dL HDLC: 40.7 ± 6.8 mg/dL TG: 80.5 ± 33.4 mg/dL |
| Martens et al. [30] | RCT | Non-obese healthy adults | 6 weeks | 16:8 | 22 | 67 ± 1 | 10 men, 12 women | Weight: 70.2 ± 2.8 kg Fat (%): 30.4 ± 1.6 |
Systolic BP: 122 ± 4 mmHg Diastolic BP: 70 ± 2 mmHg |
FBS: 92 ± 1 mg/dL |
TC: 199 ± 9 mg/dL LDLC: 116 ± 8 mg/dL HDLC: 63 ± 4 mg/dL TG: 98 ± 7 mg/dL |
| Tinsley et al. [31] | RCT | Young active female | 8 weeks | 16:8 | 13 | 22.1 ± 2.1 | 13 women | Weight: 63.8 ± 8.5 kg WC: Fat (%): 28.4 ± 1.5% Fat mass: 18.4 ± 1.5 kg Fat-free mass: 45.5 ± 1.3 kg |
Systolic BP: 113 ± 2 mmHg Diastolic BP: 67 ± 1 mmHg |
FBS: 89 ± 3 mg/dL |
TC: 179 ± 10 mg/dL LDLC: 97 ± 7 mg/dL HDLC: 64 ± 4 mg/dL TG: 88 ± 10 mg/dL |
| Kesztyüs et al. [32] | One group pretest-posttest design |
Metabolic syndrome with abdominal obesity | 3 months | 16:8 | 40 | 49.1 ± 12.4 | 9 men, 31 women | Weight: 88.8 ± 2.1 kg WC: 106.9 ± 13.3 |
HbA1c: 5.6% ± 2.9% | TC: 209 ± 46 mg/dL LDLC: 127 ± 43 mg/dL HDLC: 54 ± 15 mg/dL TG: 124 ± 71 mg/dL |
|
| Cai et al. [33] | RCT | NAFLD | 12 weeks | 16:8 | 95 | 33.6 ± 6.2 | 29 men, 66 women | Weight: 74.98 ± 8.02 kg WC: 91.54 ± 4.43 Fat mass: 30.27 ± 3.23 kg lean mass: 44.54 ± 4.08 kg |
FBS: 92.2 ± 14.8 mg/dL |
TC: 175 ± 59 mg/dL LDLC: 106 ± 34 mg/dL HDLC: 45 ± 17 mg/dL TG: 257 ± 155 mg/dL |
|
| Anton et al. [34] | One group pretest–posttest design |
Overweight, Older adults | 4 weeks | 16:8 | 10 | 77.1 | 4 men, 6 women | Weight: 96.96 ± 16.2 kg WC: 109.43 ± 12.9 |
Systolic BP: 145.9 ± 15.6 mmHg Diastolic BP: 78.1 ± 12.4 mmHg |
FBS: 105.6 ± 28.2 mg/dL |
|
| Hutchison et al. [35] | RCT | Obese adults | 7 days | 15:9 | 15 | 59 ± 3 | 15 men | Weight: 105.7 ± 2.6 kg WC: 115 ± 2 Fat (%): 35.1 ± 1.2 Fat mass: 32.5 ± 1.7 kg lean mass: 62.5 ± 2.3 kg |
Systolic BP: 141 ± 3 mmHg Diastolic BP: 87 ± 2 mmHg |
FBS: 104.5 ± 1.8mg/dL | |
| Jamshed et al. [36] | RCT | Overweight adults | 4 days | 18:6 | 11 | 32 ± 7 | 7 men, 4 women | BMI: 30.1 ± 2.7 kg/m2 |
FBS: 92 ± 5 mg/dL |
||
| Gabel et al. [37] | Historically controlled study | Obese adults | 12 weeks | 16:8 | 23 | 50 ± 2 | 3 men, 20 women | Weight: 95 ± 3 kg Fat mass: 42 ± 2 kg Lean mass: 50 ± 2 kg |
Systolic BP: 128 ± 4 mmHg Diastolic BP: 83 ± 2 mmHg |
FBS: 79 ± 4 mg/dL |
TC: 177 ± 7 mg/dL LDLC: 108 ± 5 mg/dL HDLC: 48 ± 2 mg/dL TG: 105 ± 11 mg/dL |
| Gasmi et al. [38] | Non-randomized controlled trial | Healthy young and old men | 12 weeks | 12:12 | 20 | 26.90 ± 1.97(young), 51.60 ± 5.87(old) | 20 men (10 young and 10 old) | Weight: 75.80 ± 5.09 kg (young) 77.45 ± 8.53 kg (old) Fat (%): 12.40 ± 1.35 (young) 11.60 ± 0.97 (old) Fat-free mass: 66.38 ± 4.22 kg (young) 68.46 ± 7.47 kg (old) |
|||
| Tinsley et al. [39] | RCT | Healthy active men | 8 weeks | 20:4 | 10 | 22.9 ± 4.1 | 10 men | Weight: 87.4 ± 19.2 kg Fat (%): 18.7 ± 3.8 Fat mass: 17.8 ± 7.8 kg Lean mass: 60.4 ± 11.2 kg |
|||
| Stote et al. [40] | RCT | Healthy normal weight adults | 8 weeks | 20:4 | 15 | 45.0 ± 0.7 | 5 men, 10 women | Weight: 66.5 ± 3.1 kg Fat mass: 16.2 ± 1.2 kg Fat-free mass: 50.1 ± 2.9 kg |
Systolic BP: 115.6 ± 4.2 mmHg Diastolic BP: 68.1 ± 2.6 mmHg |
TC: 182.0 ± 8.5 mg/dL LDLC: 109.1 ± 8.6 mg/dL HDLC: 53.5 ± 3.9 mg/dL TG: 97.1 ± 86 mg/dL |
|
| Moro et al. [41] | RCT | Trained male | 8 weeks | 16:8 | 17 | 29.94 ± 4.07 | 17 men | Weight: 83.9 ± 12.8 kg Fat mass: 10.9 ± 3.5 kg Fat-free mass: 73.1 ± 5.7 kg |
FBS: 96.64 ± 5.1 mg/dL |
TC: 193.45 ± 6.6 mg/dL LDLC: 114.58 ± 11.33 mg/dL HDLC: 54.11 ± 5.89 mg/dL TG: 123.78 ± 15.12 mg/dL |
|
| Smith et al. [42] | RCT | Healthy young women | 4 weeks | 16:8 | 20 | 21.3 ± 1.2 | 20 women | Weight: 65.1 ± 12.5 kg Fat mass: 17.7 ± 8.0 kg |
|||
| Singh et al. [43] | RCT | Healthy normal weight adults | 4 weeks | Single daily meal (morning meal vs. evening meal) | 22 | 30.9 ± 8.95 | 20 men, 2 women | Weight: 61.91 ± 7.21 kg WC: 83.23 ± 8.35 |
Systolic BP: 113.1 ± 10.7 mmHg Diastolic BP: 73.8 ± 10.3 mmHg |
||
| Antoni et al. [44] | Non-randomized controlled trial | Healthy middle-aged adults | 10 weeks | 21:3 | 13 | TRE: 47 ± 3, Control: 45 ± 4 | TRE: 1 men, 6 women, Control: 6 women | Weight: 86.2 ± 5.2 kg (TRE), 77.8 ± 7.6 kg (Control) Fat (%): 36.0 ± 2.9 (TRE), 34.6 ± 3.5 (Control) |
|||
| Sutton et al. [45] | RCT | Men with prediabetes | 5 weeks | 18:6 | 8 | 56 ± 9 | 8 men | Weight: 100.7 ± 18.4 kg | Systolic BP: 123 ± 8 mmHg Diastolic BP: 82 ± 7 mmHg |
FBS: 102 ± 9 mg/dL | TC: 179 ± 39 mg/dL LDLC: 108 ± 26 mg/dL HDLC: 46 ± 8 mg/dL TG: 120 ± 75 mg/dL |
Ref, referenence; No, number; WC, waist circumference; TRE, time-restricted eating; RCT, randomized controlled trial; BP, blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood glucose concentration; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDLC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDLC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.