Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to three levels of total fresh red meat consumption by gender, CHNS.
| Variables | Men | p | Women | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n = 1434) | T2 (n = 1491) | T3 (n = 1462) | T1 (n = 1392) | T2 (n = 1490) | T3 (n = 1431) | |||
| Fresh red meat median intake (g/day) 1 | 33.33 (21.43, 50.00) |
83.33 (66.67, 100.00) |
166.67 (134.62, 208.33) |
33.33 (16.67, 34.62) |
66.67 (55.00, 83.33) |
133.33 (110.00, 166.67) |
<0.001 | |
| Age (years) 2 | 37.26 ± 0.30 | 36.13 ± 0.30 | 35.91 ± 0.30 | 0.003 | 38.86 ± 0.30 | 38.49 ± 0.29 | 37.71 ± 0.29 | 0.020 |
| Income level (%) | ||||||||
| Low | 40.24 | 32.19 | 27.56 | <0.001 | 41.02 | 32.08 | 27.04 | <0.001 |
| Medium | 31.66 | 33.67 | 34.82 | 32.18 | 33.56 | 34.38 | ||
| High | 28.10 | 34.14 | 37.62 | 26.80 | 34.36 | 38.57 | ||
| Education (years) | 8.60 ± 0.09 | 9.03 ± 0.09 | 9.48 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 7.18 ± 0.11 | 7.65 ± 0.11 | 8.42 ± 0.11 | <0.001 |
| Urbanicity index | 55.43 ± 0.52 | 60.61 ± 0.51 | 64.48 ± 0.52 | <0.001 | 56.79 ± 0.53 | 61.22 ± 0.51 | 67.05 ± 0.52 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET hours/week) | 323.86 ± 5.87 | 267.52 ± 5.75 | 238.62 ± 5.81 | <0.001 | 343.37 ± 6.59 | 294.98 ± 6.37 | 257.66 ± 6.50 | <0.001 |
| Current smokers (%) | 62.83 | 59.96 | 64.16 | 0.055 | 3.95 | 2.55 | 2.73 | 0.062 |
| Alcohol drinking (%) | 61.58 | 62.58 | 64.36 | 0.289 | 12.50 | 11.07 | 13.07 | 0.236 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.12 ± 0.08 | 22.05 ± 0.08 | 22.19 ± 0.08 | 0.472 | 22.24 ± 0.08 | 22.36 ± 0.08 | 22.19 ± 0.08 | 0.332 |
| SBP(mmHg) | 113.22 ± 0.27 | 113.60 ± 0.26 | 113.73 ± 0.26 | 0.370 | 109.26 ± 0.29 | 109.15 ± 0.28 | 109.72 ± 0.29 | 0.331 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.62 ± 0.19 | 73.74 ± 0.19 | 73.93 ± 0.19 | 0.508 | 71.52 ± 0.21 | 71.49 ± 0.20 | 71.70 ± 0.20 | 0.727 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||||
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 2485.02 ± 19.69 | 2635.24 ± 19.29 | 2961.98 ± 19.49 | <0.001 | 2076.69 ± 16.12 | 2216.17 ± 15.58 | 2410.26 ± 15.91 | <0.001 |
| Fatty, fresh red meat (g/day) | 30.73 ± 1.22 | 68.04 ± 1.18 | 133.19 ± 1.22 | <0.001 | 24.51 ± 1.03 | 53.68 ± 0.99 | 107.71 ± 1.02 | <0.001 |
| Lean, fresh red meat (g/day) | 4.80 ± 1.14 | 16.90 ± 1.10 | 48.11 ± 1.14 | <0.001 | 4.54 ± 0.88 | 14.35 ± 0.85 | 38.64 ± 0.88 | <0.001 |
| Poultry (g/day) | 12.59 ± 1.06 | 15.91 ± 1.03 | 21.48 ± 1.06 | <0.001 | 9.82 ± 0.93 | 13.10 ± 0.89 | 16.46 ± 0.92 | <0.001 |
| Fish (g/day) | 28.19 ± 1.52 | 34.35 ± 1.48 | 41.22 ± 1.52 | <0.001 | 24.49 ± 1.34 | 29.37 ± 1.28 | 36.07 ± 1.33 | <0.001 |
| Vegetables and fruits (g/day) | 388.01 ± 5.36 | 386.55 ± 5.19 | 385.03 ± 5.35 | 0.928 | 362.34 ± 5.15 | 366.60 ± 4.92 | 372.90 ± 5.09 | 0.349 |
| Soybeans and nuts (g/day) | 30.93 ± 1.00 | 26.38 ± 0.97 | 22.61 ± 1.00 | <0.001 | 26.89 ± 0.95 | 25.49 ± 0.91 | 21.33 ± 0.94 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 6838.14 ± 116.37 | 6308.54 ± 112.71 | 6474.76 ± 116.13 | 0.004 | 5859.05 ± 98.30 | 5728.98 ± 102.86 | 5444.01 ± 101.74 | 0.012 |
| Potassium (mg/day) | 1281.89 ± 8.19 | 1262.06 ± 7.94 | 1271.70 ± 8.18 | 0.219 | 1090.90 ± 6.91 | 1065.77 ± 6.60 | 1105.13 ± 6.83 | <0.001 |
T = tertile; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; MET = metabolic equivalent. 1 Median; interquartile range in parentheses. 2 Mean ± standard error (all such values). Chi-square tests for categorical variables and general linear models for continuous variables tested differences between groups and trends. Adjusted by age for physical activity, total energy intake, BMI, SBP, and DBP and adjusted by age and total energy intake for other food groups and nutrients.