Fig. 1.

Factors responsible for higher susceptibility of smokers/vapers against COVID-19. In normal individuals, the muco-ciliary epithelium and the mucous layers act as the first line of defence against the foreign pathogen (in this case SARS-CoV2). On smoking, this layer is damaged and so is the flow of the peri-ciliary fluid (mucous; indicated by arrows) which makes them more prone to infections. Smokers are also shown to have higher surface expression of ACE2 receptors (binding sites for SARS-CoV2) which allows the entry of pathogens into the host cell and protects the virus against the host surveillance. In normal individuals, the viral infection could be checked by the, (a) cytokine release from the type II pneumocytes, goblet, nasal epithelial/ciliated and oral mucosal cells and (b) immune cell (macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes) infiltration at the site of infection, to contain further spread. Smoking weakens the immune system enabling easy entry into the host cell, rapid multiplication of the virus followed by hyperinflammatory response triggered by ‘cytokine storm’ in the host body eventually leading to damaged lung tissue