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. 2020 May 20;12(5):1493. doi: 10.3390/nu12051493

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Small bowel histology. (A–C) Villous/crypt ratio (20× magnification). Significant blunting of villi was found with TPN. (D) Gut mass of small bowel was lower with TPN. (E–G) Muscularis mucosa thickness (40× magnification) was decreased in animals treated with TPN (yellow arrows). The figure shows box and whisker plots in which boxes represent the 25–75th percentile and center lines represent median values. A pairwise Mann–Whitney U test was conducted to determine the p-value. All tests were two-sided, using a significance level of 0.05.