Table 2.
Effects of dietary turmeric, curcumin and nanocurcumin in poultry nutrition.
| Types | Animal Category and Duration of Exposure | Diet Preparation and Experimental Design | Experimental Findings | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turmeric | 1-day-old broiler chickens (Ross/Ross)/20-days of trial | Total 45 chickens divided into three groups; diets are: control diet, control diet supplemented with 4 mg capsicum oleoresin and 4 mg turmeric oleoresin/kg diet (XT) and uninfected or orally challenged with Eimeria maxima oocysts at 14 days and Clostridium perfringens at 18 days of age | ↑ BW, ↓ gut lesion score, ↓ serum α-toxin, intestinal IL-8, LITAF, IL-17A and IL-17F mRNA levels, ↑ cytokine /chemokine in splenocytes in the XT-group compared with the birds fed the control diet |
[87] |
| 1-day-old broiler chickens (Ross)/ 6-weeks trial |
Total 240 chicks allotted into 4 groups; diets are: basal, turmeric powder (TP) supplemented at 5, 7, 9 g/kg of basal | ↑ BW, liver and gizzard index, ↓ serum Cho, TG at 7 g/kg TP compared with basal diet |
[88] | |
| 288-days-old broiler chicks (Raja II)/ 42-days of trial |
Total 288 broilers; basal diet with neem (8 g/kg), turmeric (2 g/kg) and vitamin E (0.2 g/kg) individually and in combination to form 8 test diet groups | ↑ hematological parameters in neem fed diet; ↓ Hb in turmeric fed diet; ↑ PCV in neem, turmeric and vit E fed than basal diet |
[89] | |
| 1-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308)/ 42-days of trial |
Total 288 broilers; control diet with turmeric powder, TP at 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 g/kg, and vaccinated (positive control) or unvaccinated (negative control) to form 8 test diets | ↓ BW and DFI in 20 g/kg TP fed, ↔ NDV or IBV in chicks fed TP diets compared with positive control diet; TP did not improve growth and immunity of chicks |
[90] | |
| 1-day-old Wenchang broiler chickens/ 12-weeks of trial |
Total 300 broilers; basal diet with turmeric rhizome extract, TRE at 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg to from 4 diets | ↑ growth performance, antioxidant activity, breast muscle ↓ abdominal fat in TRE fed diets | [91] | |
| 1-day-old Ross male chicks/ 42-days of trial |
Total 625 chicks divided into 5 dietary treatment groups: thermoneutral control (TN-CON), heat stress (HS-CON), heat stressed supplemented with betaine (HS-Bet), HS with TRP (HS-TRP), and HS-BT (fed Bet and TRP) | ↑ heterophil, total and IgM antibody in HS-TRP and HS-BT than HS-CON group; ↓ MDA in supplemented group than HS diet; ↑ GPx, SOD supplemented group than to TN and HS-CON groups |
[92] | |
| 52-weeks-old Hisex laying hens/8-w trial | Total 150 laying hens; control diet with turmeric powder, TP at 0, 2 and 4% to form three dietary treatment groups | ↔ BW, egg weight or production at 4% TP diet; 2% TP had little effect on production, egg quality |
[93] | |
| 37-weeks-old Leghorn laying hens/ 70-days of trial |
Total 160 laying hens assigned to 8 diets in 2 × 4 factorial design at 2 levels of AME (11.51 and 12.35 MJ/kg) and 4 levels of CRP (0, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) | ↑ egg shell thickness and hardness but ↓ yolk cholesterol as ↑ CRP; ↓ TG, ALT, AST and ↑ villus length, goblet cells at 2 g/kg CRP of diet | [94] | |
| 1-week-old Japanese quails/4-weeks trial | Total 150 quails allotted to 5 diets: FM -CON (T1), SBM-CON (T2), SBM with 0.5% TP (T3), SBM with 0.5% TP and 0.1% phytase (T4), SBM with 0.5% TP and 0.1% panzyme (T5) | ↑ BW, FE, total protein, albumin, SOD, CAT, GSH, GSH-Px but ↓ MDA at T3 to T5 diets compared with control diets |
[95] | |
| 1st stage: 15-days-old Japanese quails/1-month trial 2nd stage: 1-month-old Japanese quails/3-month trial |
1st stage: 45 female quails divided into 3 groups like control (P0), control with 54 mg (P1) and 108 mg (P2) of TP/quail/day; 2nd stage: 3 groups like K0: offspring from parents of P0, K1: offspring from parents of P1 and K1: offspring from parents of P2 diets | After 3 months or 2nd stage: ↑ vitellogenin, HDL, vit-B12, vit-A, white egg protein, LA, ARA but ↓ Cho, LDL, total fat in eggs; ↑ carcass weight, SGPT, Cho, TG in serum, Cho in liver, but ↓ LDL and SGOT serum in female offspring |
[96] | |
| Curcumin | 1-day-old chicks/ 42-days of trial |
Total 180 chicks in three diet groups: control diet, control diet with lipophilic turmeric extract containing curcumin and turmerones, TF-36 at 0.5% and 1% to from 3 treatment groups | ↑ BW and antioxidant activity, ↓ lipid peroxidation, ↔ meat color, serum creatinine, total protein, liver enzyme activity in 1% TF-36 fed diet than control |
[11] |
| 1-day-old broiler (Ross×Ross)/ 14-days of trial |
Two diet groups- one standard diet (control) with no curcumin and another is control with 35 mg/kg of a freeze dried Curcuma longa extract; At 14 day posthatch, noninfected or infected by oral gavage with 2.0 × 104 oocysts of Eimeria maxima or E. tenella | ↑ BW and ↓ fecal oocyst, gut lesion as well as ↑ serum antibodies, cellular immunity, in C. longa fed diets; dietary C. longa showed coccidiosis resistance against Eimeria maxima or E. tenella | [97] | |
| 30-weeks-old laying hens (Hy-Line Brown)/ 21-days of trial |
Total 60 laying hens in 3 diet groups: control (T0), control diet with curcumin at 30 (T30) and 50 (T50) mg/kg of curcumin, respectively | ↑ TAC, specific gravity and yolk index of eggs, and ↓ yolk color, TBARS in eggs and ↓ oocysts in feces in the T30 and T50 fed diets |
[14] | |
| 1-day-old male chicks (Cobb 500)/ 44-days of trial |
Total 225 male chicks in 5 diet groups: NC-negative control feed; PC-positive control; CU-with 50 mg/kg of curcumin, PHY-100 mg/kg phytogenic; and PHY + CU, a combination of both additives at 50 mg/kg (curcumin) and 100 mg/kg (phytogenic). | ↑ total protein, globulin, ↓ uric acid, Cho, TG, oocysts, bacteria in PHY + CU diet; ↓ SFA and ↑ MUFA or PUFA in CU or PHY+CU fed groups; ↑ crypt/ villus ratio, intestinal health in PHY + CU fed diets |
[66] | |
| 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross × Ross)/ 21-days of trial |
Total 180 chicks in 6 dietary groups: basal diet, basal diet with total curcuminoids (TCMN) at 444 mg/kg, basal diet with AFB1 at 1.0 mg/kg, basal diet with 74 mg/kg TCMN and 1.0 mg/kg AFB1, basal diet with 222 mg/kg TCMN and 1.0 mg/kg AFB1, basal diet with 444 mg/kg TCMN and 1.0 mg/kg AFB1 | ↑ BW, FE in 74 and 222 mg/kg TCMN at AFB1 diets; ↑ total protein, albumin, antioxidant function, γ-glutamyl transferase activity in 222 mg/kg TCMN at AFB1 diet |
[15] | |
| 21-days-old mixed sex slow-growing chickens (Thai indigenous crossbred)/63-days of trial | Total 480 chicks in six diet groups: basal diet with 4% tuna oil as positive control, basal diet added with curcumin removed turmeric oleoresin at 20, 40, 60 or 80 mg/kg curcuminoids (CUR20, CUR40, CUR60, CUR80, respectively) or dl-α-tocopheryl acetate at 200 ppm as negative control (E-200) | ↑ FCR, breast fillet, yellowness of skin in curcuminoids fed diets; ↑ LA but ↓ DHA of breast meat in CUR20 and CUR40 fed diets; ↓ TBARS in chicken meat in CUR60 fed diet; suitable level of curcuminoids in slow-growing chickens was 60 mg/kg diet | [98] | |
| 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens/ 42-days of trial |
Total 400 chicks in four diet groups: control (CRM0), basal diet added with 100 (CRM100), 150 (CRM150) and 200 (CRM200) mg/kg curcumin |
↑ BW, FE in CRM200 fed diet; ↑ APE and ↓ abdominal fat in CRM150 and CRM200 fed diets; ↑ villus length and width in intestine up to CRM200 fed diets | [99] | |
| 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens/ 21-days of trial |
Total 200 chicks in four diet groups: basal diet without carotenoid (control), basal diet added with 300 curcumin (CRM), basal diet added with 300 lutein (LTN) or with a combination (C + L) of 150 mg/kg curcumin and 150 mg/kg lutein; All chickens were challenged with Eimeria maxima at 21 d old |
↑ redness and yellowness of fresh meat in C + L fed diet; ↓ MDA and carbonyl in CRM and C + L fed diets but ↑ sulfhydryl in C + L birds; ↑ myosin chain in carotenoid fed diets; CRM or C + L are efficient natural antioxidant to preserve meat quality and resistant against coccidiosis |
[100] | |
| 21-days-old male Arbor Acres broiler chickens/ 42-days of trial |
Total 320 chicks in four diet groups: basal diet (C1), basal diet added with 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg curcumin (C2, C3, C4, respectively) | ↑ redness value of meat, CAT, ABTS radical scavenging activity and ↓ drip loss at 48 h in curcumin supplemented groups | [17] | |
| 21-days-old male Arbor Acres broiler chickens/ 20-days of trial |
Total 400 chicks in five diet groups: basal diet + 22 °C (CON), 34 °C for 8 h (0900-1700) + basal diet supplemented with 0, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg curcumin (HS, CMN1, CMN2, and CMN3 treatments, respectively) | ↓ FCR in CMN1 & CMN2 diets; ↑ liver GSH in CMN1 & CMN2; ↑ γ-GCLm, GSH-Px, GST in in curcumin fed diets; ↑ Nrf2, HO-1, γ-GCLc expressions in curcumin fed diets; ↑ Cu/ZnSOD, CAT in CMN2 than the HS treatment; ↓ MDA, AST, ALT and ↑ MnSOD, mtDNA, ATP in curcumin groups; |
[101,102] | |
| 1-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308)/ 49-days of trial |
Total 1200 chicks in four diet groups: control diet, control diet supplied with 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg curcumin | ↓ BW, ADG, liver weight in 1000 and 2000 mg/kg CUR groups; ↓ plasma LDL and hepatic TG in 2000 mg/kg curcumin group; ↑ hepatic glycogen and hepatic lipase activities in 1000 and 2000 mg/kg curcumin groups; ↓ FAS, SREBP-1c gene expression in all curcumin group; ↑ PPARα, CPT-I expressions in 1000 and 2000 mg/kg CUR groups |
[65] | |
| 160-days-old male chicks (Ross 308)/ 42-days of trial |
Total 160 chicks in four diet groups: basal diet in thermoneutral condition (23 °C), basal diet in 8 h thermal stress (34 °C), basal diet with 100 mg/kg curcumin (CR) at thermal stress (34 °C), basal diet with 1 g/kg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) at thermal stress (34 °C) | ↑ ADFI, ADG, FBW in CR added than the other diets; ↓ MDA in CR and ASA diets; ɔ PUFA, ALA, DHA in breast muscle of broiler with CR supplied diet at thermal stress (34 °C) |
[103] | |
| 1-day-old male broiler chickens/ 12-weeks of trial |
Total 120 chicks in four diet groups: a 2 × 2 factorial design was used where the main factors included adding aflatoxin B1, AFB1 (< 5 vs. 100 µg/kg) and curcumin, CM (0 vs. 150 mg/kg) in a corn/soybean-based diet | ↑ liver injury, ALT, AST, MDA, but ↓ albumin, total protein, CAT, GSH, GSH-Px and induced AFBO-DNA in AFB1 fed; these attributes are lowered, prevented or protected by CM added diets | [104] | |
| 1-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chickens/ 28-days of trial |
Total 120 chicks in six diet groups: control group, curcumin alone-treated group (450 mg/kg feed), the group fed AFB1-contaminated feed (5 mg/kg feed) plus the low (150 mg), medium (300 mg) or high (450 mg) of curcumin, and the group fed AFB1-contaminated diet alone (5 mg/kg feed) |
↓ liver weight and toxicity, ↑ body weight in curcumin treated groups; ↑ mRNA, protein expressions and CYP2A6 enzyme activity in AFB1-fed group; however, ↓ mRNA, protein expressions and CYP2A6 enzyme activity on dose dependent manner in curcumin fed |
[105] | |
| 22-weeks-old Roman laying hens/ 21-days of trial |
Total 336 laying hens in 3 diet groups: first group as a thermoneutral control (25 °C), second group at high temp (32 °C, 6 h/day), given a basal diet, third group was five treatment groups (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 mg/kg curcumin) (H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, respectively) fed a basal diet under high temp conditions (32 °C, 6 h/day) | ↑ SOD at H2 and H3 fed diets; ↑ total antioxidant capacity at H2, H3 and H5 fed diets; ↑ CAT and GSH-Px at H3 diet; ↓ MDA in curcumin added diets; ↑ CAT, SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC in liver, heart and lungs of curcumin treated groups compared with heat stressed control group |
[106] | |
| 10-days-old Japanese quails/ 42-days of trial |
Total 180 birds reared at either 22 °C (thermoneutral) or 34 °C (heat stress) for 8 h/day (0900-1700) until the age of 42 days. Birds in both environments were randomly fed 1 of 3 diets: basal diet and basal diet added with 0, 200 or 400 mg of curcumin per kg of diet. | ↑ BW, FI, and ↓ FE, MDA, nuclear factor, HSP70 in response to increasing supplemental curcumin level in the diets | [107] | |
| 1-day-old White Pekin ducklings/ 21-days of trial |
Total 540 mixed-sex birds in three dietary treatments: controls (fed only the basal diet), a group fed an OTA-contaminated diet (2 mg/kg feed), and a group fed the same OTA-feed plus 400 mg/kg of curcumin | ↑ BW, ADG, and no enterotoxicity in curcumin fed diet compared to OTA diet; ↓ interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, MDA, apoptotic gene expression, mt-transcription factors and ↑ GSH, jejunal mucosa, tight junction protein in curcumin fed diets than OTA diet |
[16] | |
| 1-day-old male Cherry Valley Pekin ducklings/ 21-days of trial |
Total 720 male ducklings in four dietary treatments: control group were fed a basal diet and the remainder were fed the basal diet supplemented with 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg curcumin | ↑ jejunal and hepatic curcumin contents with 400 and 800 mg/kg; ↑ SOD1, CAT, GST, GPX1, HO-1, MRP6, CYP1A4, CYP2D17, Nrf2 transcript, ABCB1 and ↓ CYP1B1, CYP2A6 expressions in jejunal mucosa in curcumin fed diets; | [108] | |
| Nanocurcumin | 30-days-old Japanese quails/ 21-days of trial |
Total 60 birds in four diet groups: control group (T0 - without CUR), free CUR (T30 - 30 mg/kg) and two doses of CUR in nanocapsules (T3 and T10 - nanocapsules containing 3 and 10 mg of curcumin /kg of feed, respectively) |
↓ FCR and ↑ egg production in T30 and T10 fed diets; ↓TBARS in egg yolk and ↑ antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals from T30, T3, and T10 fed diets compared to T0 diet; ↓ SFA and PUFA in egg yolk of T10 fed diet; ↑ MUFA in egg yolk of T10 and T30 fed diets |
[12] |
| 1-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308)/ 42-days of trial |
Total 500 chicks in five diet groups divided into two identical houses: diets were (1) control; (2) and (3) Control + 200 or 400 mg/kg curcumin; (4) and (5) Control + 200 or 400 mg/kg nanocurcumin, respectively under recommended temp up to 14 days, when the temp was dropped in one house from 28.5 to 13–15 °C and maintained at this level to induce ascites until 42 days. Whereas, in the second house the temperature was maintained according to the hybrid production guidelines | ↓ WG and ↑ FCR in birds reared in cold temp than the normal temp; ↑ blood pCO2, HTC, and ↓ pO2, O2 saturation in cold stress at 42 d of age which is alleviated by curcumin/nanocurcumin added diets; ↑ BW, villus surface in intestine and ↓ MDA, liver enzymes, caecal E. coli population in curcumin or nanocurcumin fed diets |
[10,109] |
Abbreviations: ↑ = increase; ↓ = decrease; ↔ = no change; ɔ = restore; BW = body weight; FE = feed efficiency; FCR = feed conversion ratio; SOD = superoxide dismutase; Cho = cholesterol; TG = triglycerides; FAS = fatty acid synthase; SREBP-1c = sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c; MDA = malondialdehyde; PPARα = peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α; CPT-I = carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I; Nrf2 = NF-E2-related factor 2; HO-1 = Heme oxygenase-1; Cu/ZnSOD = Copper and zinc superoxide dismutase; CAT = Catalase; γ-GCLc = catalytic subunit of γ-glutamate cysteine ligase; γ-GCLm = modulatory subunit of γ-glutamate cysteine ligase; GSH-Px = glutathione peroxidase; AFBO = exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide; TAC = total antioxidant capacity; TBARS = thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; AFB1 = aflatoxin B1; HSP70 = heat shock protein 70; OTA = ochratoxin A; HTC = hematocrit; pCO2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide; TLR4 = Toll-like-receptor 4 mRNA; NDV = Newcastle Disease Virus; IBV = infectious bronchitis virus