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. 2020 May 16;12(5):1444. doi: 10.3390/nu12051444

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Scheme of vitamin D modulating role in immune response. As detailed in the text, vitamin D interferes with innate and adaptative immunity through different mechanisms. Arrows illustrate increase (↑), decrease (↓) or regulation/modulation (↗) of specific actions, processes, cells, or molecules. Abbreviations: CAMP, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide; FasL, Fas-ligand; IL, Interleukin; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; TGF, transforming growth factor; Th, T helper; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor; Treg, T regulatory.