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Lactoferrin contributes the renoprotective effect in the AKI to CKD transition. Lactoferrin induces autophagy through the activation of AMPK and inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathway in human kidney tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, lactoferrin suppresses oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by augmenting autophagy. Lactoferrin restrains renal fibrosis. Therefore, lactoferrin is an effective therapeutic intervention for the AKI to CKD continuum.
