Table 2.
Studies assessing different species using culture-based techniques.
| Author and Date of Publication | Assessed Situation | P. gingivalis | T. forsythia | P. intermedia | P. micra | F. nucleatum | C. rectus | A. actinomycetemcomitans | E. corrodens | C. albicans | n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studies assessing only peri-implantitis-affected sites | |||||||||||
| Alcoforado et al., 1990 [37] | PI | x | x | 22% | 33% | x | x | 6% | x | 28% | 18 |
| Augthun et al., 1997 [40] | PI | x | x | 28% | x | 22% | x | 89% | 17% | x | 18 |
| Bombeccari et al., 2013 [45] | PI | 100% | x | 100% | x | x | x | 78% | x | x | 40 |
| Charalampakis et al., 2012 [53] | PI | 9% | x | 52% | x | x | x | 13% | x | 3% | 281 |
| de Waal et al., 2013 [57] | PI | 15% | 21% | 14% | 69% | 50% | 15% | 0% | x | x | 78 |
| Dortbudak et al., 2011 [59] | PI | 100% | x | 100% | x | x | x | 100% | x | x | 15 |
| Leonhardt et al., 2003 [68] | PI | 4% | x | 38% | x | x | x | 54% | x | 0% | 26 |
| Mombelli et al., 2001 [71] | PI | 17% | 37% | 55% | x | x | 56% | 0% | 0% | x | 30 |
| Passariello et al., 2012 [74] | PI | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 128 |
| Studies comparing healthy sites with peri-implantitis-affected sites | |||||||||||
| Botero et al., 2005 [46] | PI | 44% | x | 25% * | x | x | x | x | 0% | x | 16 |
| HI | 0% | x | 7% * | x | x | x | x | 7% | x | 15 | |
| de Waal et al., 2017 [58] | PI | 25% | 60% | 50% | 90% | 95% | 20% | 4% | x | x | 85 |
| HI | 12% | 10% | 5% | 70% | 75% | 10% | 2% | x | x | 69 | |
| Leonhardt et al., 1999 [67] | PI | 8% | x | 60% | x | x | x | 27% | x | 8% | 37 |
| HI | 2% | x | 18% | x | x | x | 2% | x | 0% | 51 | |
| Neilands et al., 2015 [72] | PI | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 25 |
| HI | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 25 | |
HI—healthy implants, PI—implants with peri-implantitis, x not assessed, n—number of samples assessed for the respective study. * No differentiation of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens.