Table 4.

Meta-analytic results for the effects of intermittent fasting on body composition.

					Heterogeneity
Secondary Outcomes	Point Estimate	CI Lower	CI Upper	p-Value	Q-Value	p-Value	I-Squared
Body Mass (Kg) *
All studies	−0.435	−0.811	−0.059	0.023	30.718	0.001	64.19
Only Ramadan IF studies	−0.638	−1.248	−0.029	0.04	23.256	0.001	74.2
Only TRF studies	−0.152	−0.476	0.173	0.359	2.635	0.621	<0.001
Body Mass (Kg) **
All studies	−0.058	−0.388	0.272	0.732	3.58	0.611	<0.001
Only Ramadan IF studies	−0.313	−0.955	0.329	0.339	0.508	0.476	<0.001
Only TRF studies	0.034	−0.351	0.419	0.862	2.246	0.523	<0.001
Fat Mass (%) *
All studies	−0.848	−1.193	−0.502	<0.001	7.307	0.121	45.256
Only Ramadan IF studies	−0.910	−1.284	−0.535	<0.001	6.616	0.085	54.655
Only TRF studies
Fat Mass (%) **
All studies	−0.224	−0.751	0.302	0.404	0.029	0.986	<0.001
Only Ramadan IF studies	−0.215	−0.853	0.423	0.508	0.026	0.872	<0.001
Only TRF studies

Note. * Pre-post tests, IF intervention; ** Pre-post tests, IF intervention vs. control; * Body mass, all studies (k = 12); * body mass, Ramadan IF studies (k = 7); * body mass, TRF studies (k = 5); ** body mass, all studies (k = 6); ** body mass, Ramadan IF studies (k = 2); ** body mass, TRF studies (k = 4); * relative fat mass, all studies (k = 5); * relative fat mass, Ramadan IF studies (k = 4); ** relative fat mass, all studies (k = 3); and ** relative fat mass, Ramadan IF studies (k = 2). Abbreviations. CI, confidence interval; Ramadan IF, Ramadan intermittent fasting; TRF, Time-restricted feeding.