Table 2.
Lifestyle habits, anthropometric measurements, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) according to chronotype categories.
| Parameters | Morning Type n = 100, 58.1% |
Neither Type n = 50, 29.1% |
Evening Type n = 22, 12.8% |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Males | 34, 34.0 | 13, 26.0 | 2, 9.1 | p = 0.18 |
| Females | 66, 66.0 | 37, 74.0 | 20, 90.9 | |
| Lifestyle Habits | ||||
| Age (years) | 55.5 ± 13.7 | 43.0 ± 17.4 a,b | 55.3 ± 11.9 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes (n, %) | 7, 7.0 | 11, 22.0 | 8, 36.4 a,c | p < 0.001 |
| No (n, %) | 93, 93.0 | 39, 78.0 | 14, 63.6 a,c | |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Sedentary (n, %) | 39, 39.0 | 26, 52.0 | 19, 86.4 a,c | p < 0.001 |
| Moderate (n, %) | 61, 61.0 | 24, 48.0 | 3, 13.6 a,c | |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 82.9 ± 19.0 | 88.1 ± 20.6 | 83.7 ± 12.5 | 0.29 |
| Height (m) | 1.6 ± 0.09 | 1.6 ± 0.08 | 1.6 ± 0.08 | 0.57 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.4 ± 5.8 | 33.1 ± 7.3 | 32.6 ± 5.5 | 0.27 |
| Normal-weight (n, %) | 10, 10.0 | 7, 14.0 | 1, 4.5 | p = 0.47 |
| Over-weight (n, %) | 33, 33.0 | 9, 18.0 | 5, 22.7 | p = 0.13 |
| Obesity I (n, %) | 32, 32.0 | 15, 30.0 | 11, 50.0 | p = 0.22 |
| Obesity II (n, %) | 15, 15.0 | 11, 22.0 | 3, 13.6 | p = 0.51 |
| Obesity III (n, %) | 10, 10.0 | 8, 16.0 | 2, 9.1 | p = 0.52 |
| WC (cm) | 102.7 ± 16.4 | 102.9 ± 17.3 | 104.5 ± 11.8 | 0.89 |
| Adherence to the MD | ||||
| PREDIMED score | 8.8 ± 1.9 | 7.0 ± 1.5 a,b | 5.1 ± 1.8 a,c | <0.001 |
| Low adherence to the MD | 3, 3.0 | 6, 12.0 a,b | 12, 54.5 a,c | p < 0.001 |
| Average adherence to the MD | 58, 58.0 | 42, 84.0 a,b | 10, 45.5 a,c | p = 0.001 |
| High adherence to the MD | 39, 39.0 | 2, 4.0 a,b | 0, 0 a,c | p < 0.001 |
ap < 0.05 vs. morning type; b p < 0.05 vs. evening type; c p < 0.05 vs. intermediate type; WC: waist circumference; MD: Mediterranean diet; BMI: body mass index; PREDIMED: adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea).