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. 2020 May 9;12(5):1357. doi: 10.3390/nu12051357

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Study objectives. The unbroken one-sided arrows indicate the associations that were tested between the metabolic GRS and vitamin D concentrations and metabolic disease related traits. The broken one-sided arrows represent the interactions that were investigated between the GRS and lifestyle factors (diet and physical activity levels) on serum vitamin D and metabolic disease related traits. The one-sided dotted arrow indicates the interaction that was examined between metabolic GRS and 25(OH)D concentrations on metabolic disease -related traits.