. 2020 May 9;12(5):1357. doi: 10.3390/nu12051357

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study participants.

Characteristics of Study Participants	n	Normal Glucose Tolerance	n	Pre-Diabetes	n	Type 2 Diabetes	p Value
Age (years)	219	46.82 ± 10.54	151	47.79 ± 11.5	175	54.19 ± 11.04	<0.001 ^{α γ}
BMI (kg/m²)	219	26.10 ± 5.15	151	27.95 ± 5.22	174	26.56 ± 4.58	0.001 ^β
WC (cm)	219	86.04 ± 11.73	151	89.54 ± 11.2	173	90.11 ± 10.27	<0.001 ^{α β}
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	219	19.55 ± 13.5	151	19.14 ± 10.47	175	17.8 ± 10.03	0.381
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)	201	89.74 ± 6.54	144	103.43 ± 11.59	172	156.28 ± 64.43	<0.001 ^{α β γ}
HbA1c (%)	219	5.61 ± 0.47	151	5.91 ± 0.59	175	8.19 ± 2.07	<0.001 ^{α β γ}
Fasting plasma insulin (µLU/mL)	216	7.76 ± 5.13	139	8.13 ± 4.73	132	11.48 ± 7.69	<0.001 ^{α γ}
Systolic BP (mmHg)	219	125.77 ± 20.97	151	126.54 ± 17.77	175	134.53 ± 19.6	<0.001^{α γ}
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	219	79.17 ± 12.84	151	79.79 ± 10.78	175	80.67 ± 10.95	0.320
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	219	181.07 ± 35.81	151	187.72 ± 35.28	175	181.2 ± 38.77	0.126
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	219	114.58 ± 31.58	151	119.17 ± 31.43	175	107.74 ± 34.63	0.004 ^{α γ}
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	219	42.06 ± 9.57	151	40.10 ± 7.82	175	40.32 ± 8.58	0.093
Serum triglycerides (mg/dL)	219	122.15 ± 63.7	151	142.25 ± 83.08	175	165.71 ± 95.93	<0.001 ^{α β γ}
Total energy intake (kcal)	185	2620.04 ± 752.02	83	2535.29 ± 803.78	93	2585.85 ± 787.79	0.609
Protein energy%	185	11.28 ± 1.19	83	11.31 ± 0.89	93	11.38 ± 1.2	0.758
Fat energy%	185	23.91 ± 4.76	83	23.33 ± 4.51	93	24 ± 4.72	0.582
Carbohydrate energy%	185	64.09 ± 6.69	83	64.89 ± 5.51	93	64.36 ± 5.97	0.556
Protein (g)	185	73.47 ± 21.39	83	71.59 ± 23.74	93	72.78 ± 21.2	0.704
Fat (g)	185	69.62 ± 25.15	83	65.92 ± 26.97	93	67.94 ± 22.15	0.407
Carbohydrate (g)	185	417.24 ± 115.73	83	409.91 ± 125.98	93	418.82 ± 142.37	0.847
Dietary fiber (g)	185	32.18 ± 10.91	83	30.77 ± 11.4	93	33.01 ± 11.85	0.235
Physical activity level	171	Sedentary (80.1%)	73	Sedentary (83.6%)	81	Sedentary (84.0%)	0.676 ^δ
		Moderate (18.7%)		Moderate (13.7%)		Moderate (13.6%)
		Vigorous (1.2%)		Vigorous (2.7%)		Vigorous (2.5%)

Data shown are represented as means ± SD; p values were calculated using one-way ANOVA; ^δ p values were calculated using the chi-squared test. ^α indicates significance between non-diabetics and T2D individuals, ^β indicates significance between normal glucose tolerance and pre-diabetics, ^γ indicates significance between pre-diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Abbreviations: CURES: Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study, BMI: body mass index, WC: waist circumference, BP: blood pressure, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein.