| BMI | body mass index |
| CI | confidence intervals |
| CRP | c-reactive protein |
| CVD | cardiovascular disease |
| DREW | Dose-Response to Exercise in Women |
| EPIC | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition |
| FFQ | food frequency questionnaire |
| FinnDiane | Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy |
| HPFS | Health Professional Follow-Up Study |
| NHS | Nurses’ Health Study |
| UK | United Kingdom |
| US | United States |