Table 3.
Comparison of muscle activation according to habituation to different heel heights.
| Variables | Group Aa | Group Bb | Group Cc | F/p | ES§ | Post hoc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle activation | TA | RMS EMG (μV) | 6.07 ± 3.22† | 8.20 ± 4.76 | 7.04 ± 3.23 | 1.431/0.249 | 0.45 | |
| Maximum peak EMG (μV) | 329.84 ± 146.42 | 384.50 ± 189.32 | 339.76 ± 169.95 | 0.523/0.596 | 1.81 | |||
| RF | RMS EMG (μV) | 8.10 ± 7.02 | 4.31 ± 2.89 | 6.87 ± 5.65 | 2.163/0.1260.69 | 0.69 | ||
| Maximum peak EMG (μV) | 260.80 ± 182.39 | 144.28 ± 61.45 | 274.99 ± 189.85 | 3.583/0.035∗ | 4.79 | C > A > B (Dunnett T3) | ||
| GM | RMS EMG (μV) | 9.96 ± 3.21 | 14.98 ± 11.64 | 7.19 ± 4.99 | 4.824/0.012∗ | 1.23 | B > A > C (Dunnett T3) | |
| Maximum peak EMG (μV) | 487.79 ± 194.26 | 197.95 ± 43.08 | 324.94 ± 130.18 | 19.424/0.000∗∗ | 10.73 | A > C > B (Dunnett T3) | ||
| GL | RMS EMG (μV) | 5.66 ± 3.97 | 9.01 ± 4.23 | 6.38 ± 2.82 | 3.925/0.026∗ | 0.74 | B > C > A (Dunnett T3) | |
| Maximum peak EMG (μV) | 286.89 ± 207.10 | 406.34 ± 233.44 | 327.06 ± 141.82 | 1.667/0.199 | 3.54 | |||
| BF | RMS EMG (μV) | 2.69 ± 1.74 | 4.92 ± 6.95 | 3.70 ± 2.24 | 1.234/0.300 | 0.48 | ||
| Maximum peak EMG (μV) | 148.56 ± 88.33 | 108.28 ± 31.39 | 202.81 ± 100.61 | 6.014/0.005∗ | 4.46 | C > A > B (Dunnett T3) | ||
| ES | RMS EMG (μV) | 2.98 ± 0.73 | 5.89 ± 2.99 | 3.54 ± 2.00 | 9.617/0.000∗∗ | 0.90 | B > C > A (Dunnett T3) | |
| Maximum peak EMG (μV) | 156.26 ± 38.95 | 288.26 ± 158.82 | 193.01 ± 92.77 | 7.206/0.002 | 5.60 | B > C > A (Dunnett T3) | ||
|
| ||||||||
| %MVIC | TA | Plantar flexion | 2.98 ± 1.27† | 2.94 ± 0.35 | 4.39 ± 2.93 | 3.507/0.038∗ | 0.55 | C > A > B (Dunnett T3) |
| Dorsiflexion | 0.56 ± 0.48 | 0.82 ± 0.65 | 0.96 ± 5.20 | 1.450/0.003∗ | 0.12 | C > B > A (Dunnett T3) | ||
| GM | Plantar flexion | 12.57 ± 10.49 | 4.15 ± 2.62 | 6.92 ± 4.80 | 6.620/0.310 | 1.44 | ||
| Dorsiflexion | 2.90 ± 2.11 | 5.90 ± 4.50 | 4.06 ± 0.99 | 3.654/0.244 | 0.77 | |||
| GL | Plantar flexion | 2.86 ± 1.18 | 4.39 ± 3.15 | 4.27 ± 3.09 | 1.198/0.033∗ | 0.45 | B > C > A (Dunnett T3) | |
| Dorsiflexion | 6.52 ± 4.63 | 8.07 ± 4.89 | 7.16 ± 4.90 | 0.471/0.627 | 0.29 | |||
∗ p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.001. †Mean ± SD. §Effect size. aOver 12 months, 4 times a week, and over 6 cm heeled shoes group. bOver 12 months, 4 times a week, and 4-5 cm heeled shoes group. cOver 12 months, 4 times a week, and below 3 cm heeled shoes group. TA, tibialis anterior; RF, rectus femoris; GM, medial gastrocnemius; GL, lateral gastrocnemius; BF, biceps femoris; ES, thoracic erector spinae.