Table 4.
Comparison of muscle tone (F), stiffness (S), and elasticity (D) according to habituation to different heel heights.
| Variables | Group Aa | Group Bb | Group Cc | F/p | ES§ | Post hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TA | F (Hz) | 19.07 ± 1.00† | 17.52 ± 1.44 | 19.34 ± 1.99 | 7.209/0.002∗ | 0.65 | C > A > B (Dunnett T3) |
| S (N/m) | 385.26 ± 24.56 | 367.29 ± 55.48 | 411.83 ± 67.11 | 3.292/.045∗ | 2.58 | C > A > B (Dunnett T3) | |
| D | 1.24 ± 0.17 | 1.23 ± 0.23 | 1.15 ± 0.19 | 1.186/0.314 | 0.09 | ||
| RF | F (Hz) | 14.52 ± 1.13 | 13.35 ± 0.44 | 14.13 ± 0.91 | 7.982/0.001∗∗ | 0.52 | A > C > B (Dunnett T3) |
| S (N/m) | 232.95 ± 30.94 | 216.76 ± 11.80 | 226.78 ± 23.91 | 2.076/0.136 | 1.41 | ||
| D | 1.20 ± 0.22 | 1.28 ± 0.14 | 1.20 ± 0.26 | 0.832/0.441 | 0.08 | ||
| GM | F (Hz) | 16.15 ± 1.67 | 14.71 ± 1.50 | 15.37 ± 1.54 | 3.756/0.030∗ | 0.47 | A > C > B (Dunnett T3) |
| S (N/m) | 262.79 ± 35.64 | 238.82 ± 33.46 | 262.50 ± 31.17 | 2.943/0.062 | 1.91 | ||
| D | 1.40 ± 0.21 | 1.48 ± 0.09 | 1.40 ± 0.15 | 1.390/0.258 | 0.10 | ||
| BF | F (Hz) | 13.82 ± 1.77 | 13.60 ± 1.22 | 14.40 ± 0.87 | 1.672/0.198 | 0.30 | |
| S (N/m) | 207.32 ± 41.09 | 227.47 ± 26.41 | 221.06 ± 23.36 | 1.936/0.155 | 1.54 | ||
| D | 1.03 ± 0.15 | 1.22 ± 0.08 | 1.08 ± 0.23 | 6.086/0.004∗ | 0.20 | B > C > A (Dunnett T3) | |
∗ p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.001. †Mean ± SD. §Effect size. aOver 12 months, 4 times a week, and over 6 cm heeled shoes group. bOver 12 months, 4 times a week, and 4-5 cm heeled shoes group. cOver 12 months, 4 times a week, and below 3 cm heeled shoes group. TA, tibialis anterior; RF, rectus femoris; GM, medial gastrocnemius; BF, biceps femoris.