Table 4.
Univariate Multivariate | GRADE factors | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potential risk factors identified | Number of participants | Number of studies | + | 0 | – | + | 0 | – | Phase | Study limitations | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Moderate/ large effect size | Dose effect | Overall quality |
Being female | 895–954 | 3 | 1 2 0 | 1 0 0 | 1 | x | x | √ | x | √ | x | NA | + | ||||
Body mass index | 895–954 | 3 | 0 3 0 | NA | 1 | x | √ | √ | x | √ | x | x | + | ||||
Physical activity | 895–954 | 3 | 0 3 0 | NA | 1 | x | √ | √ | x | √ | x | x | + | ||||
Mental stress | 371–430 | 2 | 1 1 0 | 1 0 0 | 1 | x | x | √ | x | √ | x | NA | + | ||||
Duration of computer use | 791–850 | 2 | 1 1 0 | 1 1 0 | 1 | x | x | √ | x | √ | x | x | + | ||||
Not having computer screen at eye level | 524 | 1 | NA | 1 0 0 | 1 | x | NA | √ | √ | NA | x | NA | + | ||||
Keyboard positioned too high | 524 | 1 | NA | 1 0 0 | 1 | x | NA | √ | x | NA | √ | x | + | ||||
Being a 2nd year student | 524 | 1 | NA | 1 0 0 | 1 | x | NA | √ | x | NA | x | x | + | ||||
Computer mouse height too low | 524 | 1 | NA | 0 0 1 | 1 | x | NA | √ | x | NA | x | x | + | ||||
Using computer for entertainment ≥70% of time | 524 | 1 | NA | 0 0 1 | 1 | x | NA | √ | x | NA | x | NA | + |
For uni- and multivariate analyses: + represents number of significant effects with a positive OR; 0 represents number of non-significant effects; − represents number of significant effects with a negative OR. Phase means phase of investigation. For GRADE factors: ✓, no serious limitations; ✕, serious limitations (or not present for moderate/large effect size, dose effect) NA, unable to rate item based on available information. For overall quality of evidence: + very low; ++ low; +++ moderate; ++++ high. Only factors investigated in more than one study or which showed statistical significance in one study are included in the table. Number of participants vary because of inaccurate reporting of participants in one of the studies