Table 1.

The summary of some of published studies presenting data on LDH as a potential diagnostic, prognostic and predictive marker for cancers

CANCER TYPE	DIAGNOSTIC MARKER	PROGNOSTIC MARKER	PREDICTIVE MARKER
Urinary tract cancers: bladder cancer, Wilms’ tumor	↑ total LDH activity and ↑ LD5 level in urine [23, 54]	↑ LDHi levels in urine [58]	↑ total LDH activity in serum [58, 59]
Breast cancers: triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)	↑ cathodic LDHi [60]	↑ total LDH activity in serum [61]	↑ total LDH activity in serum [62, 63]
Germ cell cancers: testicular cancer, ovarian cancer	↑ LD1 level and ↑ cathodic LDHi levels in serum [21, 23, 58]		↑ total LDH activity in serum [58, 64, 65]
Gastrointestinal tract cancers: colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer (GC), pancreatic cancers (PC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)	↑ LD5 level in serum and ↑ LDHA/LDHB ratio [58, 66]	↑ total LDH activity in serum and ↑ cathodic LDHi [66–70]	↑ cathodic LDHi levels and ↑ total LDH activity in serum [58, 69–71]
Lung cancers: small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer, Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	↑ LD5 level in cancer tissue and ↑ cathodic LDHi in serum, and pleural fluid [20, 58, 72]	↑ total LDH activity in serum and ↑ plasma LDH activity [58, 73, 74],	↑ total LDH activity in serum [73, 75–78]
Prostate cancer (PC)		↑ total LDH activity in serum [79]	↑ total LDH activity in serum [58]
Brain cancer	↑ total LDH activity in cerebral cyst fluids [80]
Oral cancers: oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)		↑ total LDH activity in serum [81]	↑ LDB expression in tumor tissue [82]
Blood cancers: Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), Burkitt’s lymphoma, Chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL)	↑ total LDH activity and ↑ LD3 level in serum [54]	↑ total LDH activity in serum [23, 54, 58]
Ewing’s sarcoma		LDHA expression in tumor tissue [23, 83]
Malignant teratoma	↑ LD1 level in serum [84]