Table 1.
Demographic and group characteristics.
| Controls | AD | DLB | PDD | Statistic, p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 76 | 75 | 65 | 29 | |
| Age (years) | 76.1 ± 5.8 | 77.9 ± 7.5 | 78.2 ± 6.4 | 74.5 ± 5.6 | F3, 241 = 3.1, 0.03a |
| Gender (m:f) | 45:31 | 47:28 | 46:19 | 26:3 | χ2 = 9.9, 0.02 |
| MMSE | 29.0 ± 1.3 | 20.4 ± 4.3 | 20.3 ± 5.2 | 21.2 ± 4.3 | H3 = 144.3, <0.001b |
| CAMCOGtotal | 96.2 ± 4.8 | 67.4 ± 13.0 | 67.8 ± 15.2 | 71.8 ± 14.3 | H3 = 147.1, <0.001b |
| CAMCOGmem | 23.4 ± 1.7 | 10.5 ± 4.6 | 15.5 ± 4.9 | 17.3 ± 4.8 | H3 = 159.6, <0.001c |
| CAMCOGexec | 22.3 ± 3.1 | 13.7 ± 4.6 | 11.7 ± 5.2 | 12.4 ± 3.0 | W3, 105.6 = 132.2, <0.001 d |
| NPItotal | Na | 11.7 ± 10.9 | 18.2 ± 15.2 | 20.8 ± 14.4 | H2 = 13.2, 0.001e |
| NPIhall | Na | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 2.3 ± 2.3 | H2 = 62.9, <0.001e |
| CAFtotal | Na | 1.7 ± 3.2 | 6.3 ± 4.4 | 6.8 ± 3.9 | H2 = 55.5, <0.001e |
| UPDRS-III | 1.6 ± 2.0 | 3.6 ± 3.7 | 25.6 ± 12.8 | 36.9 ± 17.6 | H3 = 175.4, <0.001f |
| Duration of PD (years) | Na | Na | Na | 8.9 ± 5.1 | |
| gCThleft | 2.44 ± 0.06 | 2.28 ± 0.06 | 2.31 ± 0.05 | 2.40 ± 0.07 | F3, 241 = 112.4, <0.001g |
| gCThright | 2.45 ± 0.05 | 2.30 ± 0.06 | 2.31 ± 0.05 | 2.40 ± 0.06 | F3, 241 = 123.2, <0.001h |
| gCThleft (%)i | Na | −6.6% | −5.3% | −1.6% | |
| gCThright (%)i | Na | −6.1% | −5.7% | −2.0% |
Values are expressed as mean ± 1 SD.
AD: Alzheimer’s disease; DLB: dementia with Lewy bodies; PDD: Parkinson disease dementia; PD: Parkinson’s disease; SD: standard deviation; DLB: dementia with Lewy bodies; PDD: Parkinson disease dementia; MMSE: mini-mental state examination; CAMCOGtotal: Cambridge Cognitive Examination total score; CAMCOGmem: Cambridge Cognitive Examination memory subdomain; CAMCOGexec: Cambridge Cognitive Examination executive function subdomain; NPItotal: neuropsychiatric inventory total score; NPIhall: neuropsychiatric inventory hallucinations; CAFtotal: clinical assessment of fluctuation total score; UPDRS-III: unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (section III); gCTh: global cortical thickness (age, gender and sequence adjusted); Na: not applicable; Ns: not significant (p > 0.05).
Bold text denotes statistical significance.
Post hoc tests:
DLB > PDD (p = 0.05); otherwise Ns (Gabriel’s).
Con > AD, DLB, PDD (p < 0.001); otherwise Ns (Mann–Whitney U).
Con > AD, DLB, PDD (p < 0.001); DLB, PDD > AD (p < 0.001); otherwise Ns (Mann–Whitney U).
Con > AD, DLB, PDD (p < 0.001); otherwise Ns (Games-Howell).
DLB, PDD > AD (p < 0.03); otherwise Ns (Mann–Whitney U).
DLB, PDD > Con, AD (p < 0.001); otherwise Ns (Mann–Whitney U).
Con > AD, DLB, PDD (p < 0.006); PDD > AD, DLB (p < 0.001), otherwise Ns (Gabriel’s).
Con > AD, DLB, PDD (p < 0.001); PDD > AD, DLB (p < 0.001), otherwise Ns (Gabriel’s).
% reduction relative to controls.