Table 2.

Toxins isolated from piscine venoms. Adapted from Ziegman and Alewood (2015) and Church and Hodgson (2002).

Species	Common name	Toxin	Molecular Weight	Bioactivity of toxin	Citation
Scorpaena guttata	California scorpionfish		50–800 kDa toxin	N/A	Schaeffer et al. (1971)
Echiichthys vipera	Lesser weever	Trachinine	324 kDa	N/A	Perriere et al. (1988)
Synanceia horrida	Estuarine stonefish	Stonustoxin	148 kDa	Haemolysis, oedematic	Poh et al. (1991)
Trachinus draco	Greater weever	Dracotoxin	105 kDa	Haemolysis, neuronal activation	Chhatwal and Dreyer (1992b)
Plotosus canius	Grey eel catfish	Toxin-PC	15 kDa	Neuromuscular blocking activity in cardiac tissues	Auddy et al. (1995)
Synanceia verrucosa	Reef stonefish	Verrucotoxin	322 kDa	Haemolysis, cardioactive	Garnier et al. (1995)
		Neoverrucotoxin	166 kDa	Haemolysis	Ueda et al. (2006)
		Cardioleputin	46 kDa	Cardioactive	Abe et al. (1996)
Synanceia horrida	Estuarine stonefish	Trachynilysin	158 kDa	Cardioactive	Colasante et al. (1996)
Notesthes robusta	Bullrout	Nocitoxin	169.8–174.5 kDa	Nociceptive, haemolysis	Hahn and O’Connor (2000)
Scatophagus argus	Spotted scat	SA-HT	18 kDa	Haemorrhagic, oedema, muscle contraction/relaxation, capillary permeability	Karmakar et al. (2004)
Thalassophryne maculosa	Cano toadfish	TmC4-47.2	Unknown	Myotoxic	Sosa-Rosales et al. (2005)
Hypodytes rubripinnis	Redfin velvetfish	Karatoxin	110 kDa	Cytolytic, mitogenic, chemotactic	Nagasaka et al. (2009)
		a	160 kDa	N/A	Kiriake et al. (2013)
Scorpaena plumieri	Spotted scorpionfish	Plumieribetin	14 kDa	Weakens cell-collagen contacts, reduces cell spreading, alters actin cytoskeleton	de Santana Evangelista et al. (2009)
		Sp-CTx	121 kDa	Neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, inflammatory, vaso-relaxant, haemolytic	Andrich et al. (2010)
		SP-CL 1-5	16.8–17 kDa	Haemolytic, biphasic vasoactivity	Andrich et al. (2015)
Pterois volitans	Red lionfish	a	2 subunits, both ~75 kDa	N/A	Kiriake and Shiomi (2011)
Pterois antennata	Spotfin lionfish	a	2 subunits, both ~75 kDa	N/A	Kiriake and Shiomi (2011)
Thalassophryne nattereri	Toadfish	Nattectin	15 kDa	Hemagglutination	Lopes-Ferreira et al. (2011)
Cathorops spixii	Madamango sea catfish	Wap65	54 kDa	Pro-inflammatory action	Ramos et al. (2012)
Pterois lunulata	Luna lionfish	a	160 kDa	N/A	Kiriake et al. (2013)
Inimicus japonicus	Devil stinger	a	160 kDa	N/A	Kiriake et al. (2013)

^aUnnamed toxin similar to stonefish (based on SNTX and VTX).