Table 1.
Explicit Sequencing and Next-Generation venom microbiome studies, including published & in progress work within iVAMP (“+” denotes a collaboration formed because of access to the iVAMP network). Next-generation venom microbiome studies are comparatively recent, and few in number. Even so, the diversity of these host and microbial community studies highlight the potential benefits of integrating microbiology and venomics (Webb and Summers, 1990, Peraud et al., 2009, Goldstein et al., 2013, Debat, 2017, Torres et al., 2017, Esmaeilishirazifard et al., 2018).
| Published Studies | Organism | Tissue | Wild/Captive | Approach |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Webb and Summers, 1990 | Wasp | Venom gland | Captive | Culture, Sanger Sequencing |
| Peraud et al. (2009) | Cone-snail (3 species) | Body, Hepatopancreas, Venom Duct | Wild | Culture, FISH, Sanger Sequencing |
| Goldstein et al. (2013) | Monitor Lizard | Saliva, Gingiva | Captive | Culture, Sanger Sequencing, 16S |
| Simmonds et al. (2016) | Parasitoid Wasp | Venom Gland | Wild | RNAseq/reverse transcriptomics |
| Debat, 2017 | Spiders | Transcriptomes of the Body, Brain, Silk Gland Venom Gland |
Wild | Data-mining (NGS) |
| Torres et al. (2017) | Cone-snail (8 species) | Venom Duct, Muscle, External Duct | Wild | 16S, 454 |
| Esmaeilishirazifard et al. (2018) | Snakes (5 species) Spiders (2 species) | Venom, Oral Cavity | Wild, Captive | Culture, 16S, WGS |
| iVAMP Projects in progress |
Organism |
Tissue |
Wild/Captive |
Approach |
| Colston | Snakes (multiple) | Venom, Venom Glands, Venom Ducts, Oral Cavity, Muscle, Stomach and GIT | Wild, Captive | 16S, RNAseq transcriptomics, Proteomics |
| Harms + Macrander | Lionfish: Pterois volitans | venom glands, venom | Wild (Invasive) | Transcriptomics, Proteomics |
| Keiser + Colston | Spiders: Stegodyphus | venom glands, venom | Wild, Captive | 16S, RNAseq transcriptomics, Proteomics |
| Stiers, Colston | Snake: Crotalus scutulatus | Venom, Venom Glands, Venom Ducts, Oral Cavity, Muscle, Stomach and GIT | Wild, Captive | 16S, RNAseq transcriptomics, Proteomics |
| Ul-Hasan, Nobile, Petras | Cone-snail: Californiconus californicus | Venom, Venom Duct, Hepatopancreas, Shell, Egg | Wild, Captive | 16S and 18S, Proteomics, Metabolomics |