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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 10.

Published in final edited form as: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Aug 6;235(10):2957–2966. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-4986-5

Table 2.

Levels of proinflammatory cytokines in CSF and plasma by treatment arm

Cytokine	Pioglitazone (N = 4) 2/4 (50%) women		Placebo (N = 5) 0/5 (0%) women
	Mean ± SD^a	Individual values^b	Mean ± SD^a	Individual values^b
CSF
MCP-1	384.0 ± 40.5	346, 356, 401, 433	344.8 ± 62.2	287, 313, 324, 352, 448
IL-1 beta		All <0.14		All <0.14
IL-6	1.20 ± 0.44	0.84, 0.97, 1.17, 1.82	2.11 ± 1.82	0.52, 0.97, 1.84, 1.84, 2.05, 5.18
IL-10	0.16 ± 0.03	0.12, 0.15, 0.16, 0.2	0.18 ± 0.03	0.13, 0.18, 0.19, two 0.2
TNF-alpha		Two <0.09, 0.14, 0.17		Three <0.09, 0.1, 0.2
Plasma
MCP-1	195.0 ± 53.6	118, 199, 229, 234	165.4 ± 29.0	125, 156, 167, 174, 205
IL-1 beta		Three < 0.14, 0.22		Four < 0.14, 0.14
IL-6	0.83 ± 0.42	0.31, 0.73, 0.96, 1.31	0.95 ± 0.74	0.31, 0.64, 0.67, 0.89, 2.22
IL-10^c	0.68 ± 0.16	0.51, 0.63, 0.71, 0.88	0.45 ± 0.12	0.26, 0.45, 0.46, 0.48, 0.59
TNF-alpha^d	3.13 ± 1.06	2.19, 2.75, 2.92, 4.64	1.92 ± 0.55	1.45, 1.57, 1.81, 1.95, 2.84

^a

Summary statistics were not calculated when 50% or more of samples were below the detection limit

^b

Individual participant values are shown in ascending order

^c

Higher in the pioglitazone arm than in the placebo arm (t₇ = −2.58, p = 0.037)

^d

Higher in the pioglitazone arm than in the placebo arm (t₇ = −2.22, p = 0.062)