Table 1.
Differences in older and younger study participants
| Variable | Older Participants (N) | Mean (SD) or N (%) | Younger Participants (N) | Mean (SD) or N (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 40 | 144 | |||
| Male | 20 (50.0) | 38 (26.4) | <0.01 | ||
| Female | 20 (50.0) | 106 (73.6) | |||
| Age Mean (SD) | 40 | 60.28 (3.11) | 144 | 43.82 (8.84) | <0.001 |
| Race N (%) | |||||
| African-American | 40 | 30 (75.0) | 144 | 93 (64.6) | 0.38 |
| White | 9 (22.5) | 41 (28.5) | |||
| Other | 1 (2.5) | 10 (6.9) | |||
| Hispanic N (%) | 40 | 0 (0.0) | 144 | 6 (4.2) | 0.22 |
| Education (years) Mean (SD) | 39 | 13.28 (2.37) | 143 | 12.5 (2.35) | 0.07 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Single, never married | 39 | 14 (35.9) | 144 | 84 (58.3) | |
| Married/co-habiting | 9 (23.1) | 18 (12.5) | 0.04 | ||
| Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 16 (41.0) | 42 (29.2) | |||
| Employment N (%) | |||||
| Employed | 39 | 3 (7.7) | 143 | 16 (11.2) | |
| Unemployed | 2 (5.1) | 39 (27.3) | <0.01 | ||
| Disabled | 33 (84.6) | 77 (53.8) | |||
| Other | 1 (2.6) | 11 (7.7) | |||
| BD diagnostic type N (%) | |||||
| BD-I | 40 | 29 (72.5) | 142 | 113 (79.6) | 0.23 |
| BD-II | 11 (27.5) | 29 (20.4) | |||
| Age of BD Onset Mean (SD) | 40 | 33.13 (14.12) | 142 | 21.45 (10.49) | <0.001 |
| Current comorbid disorders N (%) | |||||
| Alcohol | 37 | 2 (5.4) | 134 | 16 (11.9) | 0.20 |
| PTSD | 35 | 3 (8.6) | 125 | 61 (48.8) | <0.001 |
| OCD | 39 | 6 (15.4) | 137 | 19 (13.9) | 0.77 |
| Generalized anxiety | 39 | 9 (23.1) | 137 | 33 (24.1) | 0.12 |
| No. of psychiatric meds Mean (SD) | 40 | 1.55 (0.78) | 144 | 3.00 (1.95) | 0.86 |
| No. of non-psychiatric meds Mean (SD) | 40 | 1.96 (1.92) | 144 | 1.60 (0.88) | <0.01 |
| Charlson comobidity index total Mean (SD) | 40 | 0.53 (1.18) | 144 | 0.28 (0.91) | 0.98 |
| TRQ for BD medications (past week) (mean, SD) | 34 | 37.25 (29.06) | 111 | 42.97 (30.81) | 0.34 |
| TRQ for BD medications (past month) (mean, SD) | 34 | 38.48 (26.31) | 112 | 40.84 (27.51) | 0.66 |
| One or more anxiety disorders (N, %) | 39 | 22 (56.4%) | 139 | 109 (78.4%) | <0.01 |
| Two or more anxiety disorders (N, %) | 39 | 16 (41.0%) | 139 | 80 (57.5%) | 0.05 |
| MADRS (mean, SD) | 40 | 14.93 (8.20) | 144 | 18.87 (8.70) | 0.01 |
| CGI (mean, SD) | 40 | 3.08 (1.07) | 144 | 3.47 (0.96) | 0.03 |
| YMRS (mean, SD) | 40 | 7.63 (5.38) | 144 | 8.15 (4.98) | 0.56 |
| BPRS (mean, SD) | 34 | 34.24 (6.15) | 113 | 35.05 (7.31) | 0.56 |
| GAF (mean, SD) | 40 | 61.18 (8.71) | 144 | 59.01 (8.50) | 0.16 |
| Drug Composite Score—ASI | 40 | 0.02 (0.04) | 140 | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.02 |
| Treatment alliance | 27 | 30.74 (6.56) | 84 | 30.37 (6.22) | 0.757 |
| Stigma for Mental Illness Scale | 40 | 61.95 (12.67) | 144 | 69.27 (11.54) | 0.001 |
| Alienation | 40 | 13.00 (5.06) | 143 | 14.89 (4.15) | 0.017 |
| Stereotype endorsement | 40 | 11.28 (3.23) | 144 | 13.06 (3.24) | 0.002 |
| Discrimination | 40 | 9.98 (3.58) | 141 | 12.08 (3.41) | 0.001 |
| Social withdrawal | 39 | 12.28 (4.24) | 142 | 14.19 (4.19) | 0.013 |
| Resistance | 40 | 15.48 (2.55) | 141 | 15.16 (2.23) | 0.450 |
| DAI | 40 | 6.98 (2.34) | 144 | 7.04 (1.73) | 0.84 |
Mann-Whitney U used in non-parametric continuous variables; chi-square in categorical; t-test in normally distributed continuous variables; Fisher’s exact for small N comparisons (i.e. Hispanic)