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. 2020 Jun 3;11:1122. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01122

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Copyright © 2020 Shu, Singh, Karampudi, Bridges, Kitazumi, Wu and De los Reyes.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Hypothetical model of the sequential defenses of in E. coli against ClO₂ on its non-host tomato environment. Xenobiotic effects of 1 μg of ClO₂ resulted in the induction of pathogenesis and stress responses in the majority of the cells which were sensitive. However, 5 μg of ClO₂ treatment induced massive cell death and selection of several tolerant cells. Under high dose of ClO₂ treatment, which is 10 μg, with massive cell killing, resistant cells adapted to the environmental stress.