Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics in 11,672 Patients Who Tested Positive vs Negative to COVID-19 in the Development Cohort in the Cleveland Clinic Health System before April 2, 2020, and a Validation Cohort of 2,295 Patients in the Florida Cleveland Clinic Health System Patients Tested Between April 2 and 16, 2020
| Variable | Development Cohort |
Florida Validation Cohort |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 Negative | COVID-19 Positive | P Value | COVID-19 Negative | COVID-19 Positive | P Value | |
| No. | 10,854 | 818 | 2005 | 290 | ||
| Physician discretion, No. (%) | 773 (99.3) | 6 (0.7) | < .001 | 580 (98.5) | 9 (1.5) | < .001 |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Race, No. (%) | < .001 | < .001 | ||||
| Asian | 174 (98) | 9 (2) | 46 (85.2) | 8 (14.8) | ||
| Black | 2,138 (91.1) | 207 (8.9) | 209 (79.8) | 53 (20.2) | ||
| Other | 1,194 (92.1) | 102 (7.9) | 369 (84.6) | 67 (15.4) | ||
| White | 7,348 (93.6) | 500 (6.4) | 1381 (89.5) | 162 (10.5) | ||
| Male (%) | 4,192 (91.0) | 415 (9.0) | < .001 | 831 (85.8) | 138 (14.2) | .055 |
| Ethnicity, No. (%) | < .001 | < .001 | ||||
| Hispanic | 505 (91.3) | 48 (8.7) | 529 (81.4) | 121 (18.6) | ||
| Non-Hispanic | 9,608 (93.2) | 697 (6.8) | 1383 (89.6) | 160 (10.4) | ||
| Unknown | 741 91.0) | 73 (9.0) | 93 (91.2) | 9 (8.8) | ||
| Smoking, No. (%) | < .001 | < .001 | ||||
| Current Smoker | 1,593 (97.7) | 37 (2.3) | 67 (91.8) | 6 (8.2) | ||
| Former Smoker | 2,692 (93.0) | 202 (7.0) | 366 (81.3) | 84 (18.7) | ||
| No | 5,141 (92.1) | 440 (7.9) | 626 (87.4) | 90 (12.6) | ||
| Unknown | 1,428 (91.1) | 139 (8.9) | 946 (89.6) | 110 (10.4) | ||
| Age, median [IQR], y Missing: 0.3% |
46.89 [31.57-62.85] | 54.23 [38.81-65.94] | < .001 | 56.02 [41.95-67.52] | 51.60 [36.69-63.08] | < .001 |
| Exposure history: Yes, No. (%) | ||||||
| Exposed to COVID-19 ? | 1,510 (94.5) | 88 (4.5) | .013 | 492 (68.5) | 226 (31.5) | < .001 |
| Family member with COVID-19? | 911 (94.1) | 57 (5.9) | .174 | 467 (68.9) | 211 (31.1) | < .001 |
| Presenting symptoms: Yes, No. (%) | ||||||
| Cough? | 2,782 (95.5) | 130 (4.5) | < .001 | 609 (70.8) | 251 (29.2) | < .001 |
| Fever? | 1,918 (94.6) | 110 (5.4) | < .001 | 532 (69.9) | 229 (30.1) | < .001 |
| Fatigue? | 1,472 (94.4) | 87 (5.6) | < .001 | 406 (68.4) | 188 (31.6) | < .001 |
| Sputum production? | 929 (96.0) | 38 (4.0) | < .001 | 343 (68.2) | 160 (31.8) | < .001 |
| Flu-like symptoms? | 1,813 (94.3) | 108 (5.7) | .011 | 507 (70.7) | 210 (29.3) | < .001 |
| Shortness of breath? | 1,578 (96.0) | 64 (4.0) | < .001 | 462 (75.5) | 150 (24.5) | < .001 |
| Diarrhea? | 629 (95.0) | 33 (5.0) | .043 | 347 (69.5) | 152 (30.5) | < .001 |
| Loss of appetite? | 671 (93.4) | 47 (6.6) | .671 | 343 (67.0) | 169 (33.0) | < .001 |
| Vomiting? | 536 (97.1) | 16 (2.9) | < .001 | 309 (73.2) | 113 (26.8) | < .001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| BMI, median [IQR], kg/m2 Missing: 43.3% |
28.46 [23.90-33.94] | 29.23 [25.86-33.78] | .001 | 27.60 [23.49-31.05] | 28.91 [24.81-33.60] | .037 |
| COPD/emphysema? Yes, No. (%) | 304 (96.2) | 12 (3.8) | .031 | 36 (94.7) | 2 (5.3) | .257 |
| Asthma? Yes, No. (%) | 2,761 (94.9) | 147 (5.1) | < .001 | 176 (91.7) | 16 (8.3) | .078 |
| Diabetes mellitus? Yes, No. (%) | 2,486 (93.0) | 188 (7.0) | .993 | 224 (86.2) | 36 (13.8) | .6 |
| Hypertension? Yes, No. (%) | 4,324 (92.7) | 342 (7.3) | .283 | 460 (86.3) | 73 (13.7) | .444 |
| Coronary artery disease? Yes, No. (%) | 1,325 (93.6) | 90 (7.4) | .336 | 141 (97.9) | 3 (2.1) | < .001 |
| Heart failure? Yes, No. (%) | 1,170 (94.7) | 66 (5.3) | .018 | 88 (96.7) | 3 (3.3) | .01 |
| Cancer? Yes, No. (%) | 1,616 (93.7) | 108 (6.8) | .208 | 245 (92.8) | 19 (7.2) | .006 |
| Transplantation history? Yes, No. (%) | 190 (96.4) | 7 (3.6) | .046 | 43 (95.6) | 2 (4.4) | .149 |
| Multiple sclerosis? Yes, No. (%) | 96 (91.4) | 9 (8.6) | .661 | 8 (88.9) | 1 (11.1) | 1 |
| Connective tissue disease? Yes, No. (%) | 3,505 (94.5) | 203 (5.5) | < .001 | 41 (89.1) | 5 (10.9) | .889 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease? Yes, No. (%) | 943 (95.6) | 45 (4.4) | .002 | 34 (81.0) | 8 (19.0) | .304 |
| Immunosuppressive disease? Yes, No. (%) | 1,557 (94.5) | 91 (5.5) | .012 | 163 (92.6) | 13 (7.4) | .039 |
| Vaccination history: Yes, No. (%) | ||||||
| Influenza vaccine? | 5,940 (93.9) | 384 (6.1) | < .001 | 328 (91.6) | 30 (8.4) | .011 |
| Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine? | 2,667 (95.2) | 135 (4.8) | < .001 | 115 (92.0) | 10 (8.0) | .143 |
| Laboratory findings on presentation | ||||||
| Pretesting platelets, median [IQR], k/uL Missing: 67.3% |
245.00 [189.00-304.00] | 190.00 [154.00-241.50] | < .001 | 236.00 [180.00-304.00] | 213.50 [173.00-286.75] | .698 |
| Pretesting AST, median [IQR], U/L Missing: 72.9% |
23.00 [17.00-34.00] | 32.00 [24.25-47.00] | < .001 | 22.00 [18.00-34.50] | 31.00 [21.00-53.25] | .146 |
| Pretesting BUN, median [IQR], mg/dL Missing: 67.2% |
15.00 [11.00-23.00] | 14.00 [10.00-22.00] | .099 | 18.00 [13.00-27.25] | 12.00 [8.25-15.50] | .003 |
| Pretesting chloride, median [IQR], mmol/L Missing: 67.2 % |
101.00 [97.00-103.00] | 99.00 [96.00-102.00] | < .001 | 100.00 [96.00-102.00] | 97.50 [92.75-99.25] | .026 |
| Pretesting creatinine, median [IQR], mg/dL Missing: 67.2% |
0.90 [0.71-1.21] | 1.01 [0.79-1.29] | < .001 | 0.94 [0.77-1.45] | 0.92 [0.87-1.03] | .677 |
| Pretesting hematocrit, median [IQR], % Missing: 67.3% |
39.10 [34.20-43.00] | 40.60 [37.15-43.85] | < .001 | 36.80 [32.20-41.00] | 38.50 [36.02-43.20] | .221 |
| Pretesting potassium, median [IQR], mmol/L Missing: 67.3% |
4.00 [3.80-4.40] | 4.00 [3.70-4.20] | < .001 | 4.10 [3.90-4.60] | 4.15 [3.90-4.35] | .808 |
| Home medications | ||||||
| Immunosuppressive treatment? Yes (%) | 423 (97.2) | 12 (2.8) | .001 | 97 (83.6) | 19 (16.4) | .271 |
| Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs? Yes (%) | 3,084 (95.1) | 162 (5.0) | < .001 | 156 (94.0) | 10 (6.0) | .011 |
| Steroids? Yes (%) | 2,317 (95.5) | 109 (4.5) | < .001 | 135 (93.8) | 9 (6.2) | .024 |
| Carvedilol? Yes (%) | 333 (96.2) | 13 (3.8) | .022 | 27 (100.0) | 0 | .09 |
| ACE inhibitor? Yes (%) | 805 (93.3) | 58 (6.7) | .784 | 60 (89.6) | 7 (10.4) | .718 |
| ARB? Yes (%) | 585 (91.7) | 53 (8.3) | .214 | 78 (90.7) | 8 (9.3) | .434 |
| Melatonin? Yes (%) | 513 (97.0) | 16 (3.0) | < .001 | 18 (100.0) | 0 | .206 |
| Social influencers of health | ||||||
| Population/km2 median [IQR] Missing: 0.1% |
3.06 [2.69-3.36] | 3.08 [2.72-3.37] | .24 | 3.20 [3.02-3.35] | 3.28 [3.12-3.42] | < .001 |
| Median income × $1000, median [IQR], $ Missing: 0.1% |
55.61 [38.73-78.56] | 60.46 [42.77-84.24] | < .001 | 66.28 [53.41-89.11] | 59.07 [47.59-75.56] | < .001 |
| Population per housing unit, median [IQR], No. Missing: 0.1% |
2.21 [1.88-2.56] | 2.25 [1.89-2.59] | .038 | 2.47 [1.83-2.87] | 2.61 [2.11-2.92] | .001 |
ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; IQR = interquartile range.