Table 3.
Frequency of Adverse Infant Outcomes by Zika Virus Infant Groups
| NSNM | Proportional Microcephaly | Disproportional Microcephaly | SGA | Odds Ratioa,b (95% Confidence Interval); P Value for SGA vs NSNM Groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of Infant Outcome | n = 116 | n = 13 | n = 13 | n = 14 | P Value | |
| NICU (days) | 2.1 (4.7) | 21.8 (30.0) | 9.8 (11.9) | 28.8 (78.9) | <.001 | … |
| Mean (standard deviation) rangec | (0 –30) | (0–100) | (0–47) | (0–300) | ||
| Median (interquartile range) | 0 (0 –0) | 4.0 (0 –35.0) | 8.0 (5.0–10.0) | 0 (0.0–18.0) | ||
| NICU stay | ||||||
| Yes | 25 (21.7%) | 7 (53.9%) | 10 (76.9%) | 6 (42.9%) | <.001 | … |
| No | 90 (78.3%) | 6 (46.2%) | 3 (23.1%) | 8 (57.1%) | ||
| TFUS | ||||||
| Abnormal | 5 (5.0%) | 11 (100%) | 11 (100%) | 5 (35.7%) | <.001 | … |
| Normal | 106 (95.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (64.3%) | ||
| Head CT scan | ||||||
| Abnormal | 7 (63.6 %) | 13 (100%) | 13 (100%) | 5 (83.3%) | .010 | … |
| Normal | 4 (36.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (16.7%) | ||
| Head MRI scan | ||||||
| Abnormal | 18 (60%) | 4 (100%) | 9 (100%) | 1 (50%) | .056 | … |
| Normal | 12 (40%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50%) | ||
| Ophthalmologic exam | ||||||
| Abnormal | 6 (5.2%) | 10 (77.9%) | 9 (69.2%) | 4 (28.6%) | <.001 | … |
| Normal | 109 (94.8%) | 3 (23.1%) | 4 (30.8%) | 10 (71.4%) | ||
| Hearing exam | ||||||
| Abnormal | 2 (1.9%) | 4 (33.3%) | 3 (23.1%) | 1 (7.7%) | <.001 | … |
| Normal | 103 (98.1%) | 8 (66.7%) | 10 (76.9%) | 12 (92.3%) | ||
| Morphologic evaluation | ||||||
| Abnormal | 4 (3.5%) | 13 (100%) | 13 (100%) | 4 (28.6%) | <.001 | … |
| Normal | 112 (96.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (71.4%) | ||
| Neurologic evaluation | ||||||
| Abnormal | 13 (11.2%) | 13 (100%) | 13 (100%) | 6 (42.9%) | <.001 | … |
| Normal | 103 (88.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (57.1%) | ||
| Infectionsd | ||||||
| Yes | 43 (37.1%) | 6 (46.2%) | 1 (7.7%) | 2 (14.3%) | .045 | … |
| No | 73 (62.9%) | 7 (53.8%) | 12 (92.3%) | 12 (85.7%) | ||
| Seizures | ||||||
| Yes | 5 (4.3%) | 11 (84.6%) | 11 (84.6%) | 3 (21.4%) | <.001 | … |
| No | 111 (95.7%) | 2 (15.4%) | 2 (15.4%) | 11 (78.6%) | ||
| Dysphagia | ||||||
| Yes | 2 (1.7%) | 7 (53.8%) | 5 (38.5%) | 2 (14.4%) | <.001 | … |
| No | 114 (98.3%) | 6 (46.2%) | 8 (61.5%) | 12 (85.7%) | ||
| Gastrostomy tube | ||||||
| Yes | 0 (0%) | 2 (15.4%) | 1 (7.7%) | 2 (14.3%) | .001 | … |
| No | 116 (100%) | 11 (84.6%) | 12 (92.3%) | 12 (85.7%) | ||
| Ventriculoperitoneal shunt | ||||||
| Yes | 2 (1.7%) | 1 (7.7%) | 1 (7.7%) | 2 (14.3%) | .051 | … |
| No | 114 (98.3%) | 12 (92.3%) | 12 (92.3%) | 12 (85.7%) | ||
| Grouped infant outcomes | ||||||
| Any abnormal neuroimaging (TFUS, head CT, head MRI) | ||||||
| Yes | 17 (16.0%) | 13 (100%) | 13 (100%) | 6 (42.9%) | <.001 | 3.9 (1.2–12.8)e; P = .023 |
| No | 89 (84.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (57.1%) | ||
| Any abnormal ophthalmologic, hearing, or neurologic exam | ||||||
| Yes | 21(18.3%) | 13 (100%) | 13 (100%) | 6 (42.9%) | <.001 | 3.4 (1.1–10.7)e; P = .041 |
| No | 94 (81.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (57.1%) | ||
| Any abnormality except NICU stay or infection | ||||||
| Yes | 33 (28.5%) | 13 (100%) | 13 (100%) | 6 (42.9%) | <.001 | 1.9 (0.6–5.9)e; P = .272 |
| No | 83(71.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (57.1%) | ||
Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; NSNM, neither SGA nor microcephaly; SGA, small for gestational age; TFUS, transfontanelle ultrasound.
aOdds ratio (OR) comparing SGA and NSNM groups only (reference group NSNM).
bRefer to Supplementary Table 3 for multivariate logistic regression with adjusted ORs for grouped infant outcomes shown above adjusted for infant gender, prematurity, maternal health and pregnancy issues, and infection.
cPlease note that regarding NICU stay (days) for the SGA group, mean length of stay (days) was longest because 1 SGA infant with congenital Zika syndrome was never discharged from the hospital following 300 days. Further details are available in Supplementary Table 2 for infant 3.
dInfections (including pneumonias, urinary tract infections, skin infections, and bronchiolitis) among Zika virus–exposed infants primarily occurred beyond the immediate postnatal period during follow-up.
eFischer exact test was performed to determine P values comparing the 4 infant groups.