TABLE 2.
Primary and secondary outcomes
| Intervention (n = 72) | Control (n = 77) | Between‐group differences | Effect size β | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | MD (95% CI) | |||
| Perceived stress (PSS‐14) | |||||
| Baseline | 27.5 (25.5‐29.4) | 25.8 (23.9‐27.7) | |||
| 3 months | 22.5 (20.7‐24.3) | 23.6 (21.6‐25.6) | |||
| Change from baseline | −5.0 (−7.0 to −3.0) | −2.2 (−3.6 to −0.8) | −2.8 (−5.2 to −0.4) | −.188 | .022 |
| Anxiety (HADS‐A) | |||||
| Baseline | 9.0 (8.0‐10.0) | 8.8 (7.8‐9.7) | |||
| 3 months | 6.7 (5.8‐7.7) | 7.3 (6.3‐8.2) | |||
| Change from baseline | −2.3 (−3.1 to −1.4) | −1.5 (−2.3 to −0.8) | −0.7 (−1.9 to 0.4) | −.106 | .197 |
| Depression (HADS‐D) | |||||
| Baseline | 5.7 (4.9‐6.5) | 5.2 (4.3‐6.1) | |||
| 3 months | 4.5 (3.7‐5.2) | 4.7 (4.0‐5.5) | |||
| Change from baseline | −1.2 (−1.9 to −0.5) | −0.5 (−1.1 to 0.2) | −0.8 (−1.7 to 0.2) | −.128 | .119 |
| HRQoL (RAND‐36) | |||||
| Physical functioning | |||||
| Baseline | 72.0 (67.3‐76.8) | 80.3 (75.6‐85.0) | |||
| 3 months | 74.7 (69.7‐79.7) | 76.7 (71.4‐82.0) | |||
| Change from baseline | 2.6 (−2.1 to 7.4) | −3.6 (−8.5 to 1.2) | 6.3 (−0.5 to 13.0) | .150 | .068 |
| Role physical | |||||
| Baseline | 19.8 (12.2‐27.4) | 40.6 (31.1‐50.0) | |||
| 3 months | 29.2 (20.2‐38.1) | 32.5 (23.5‐41.4) | |||
| Change from baseline | 9.4 (−0.2 to 19.0) | −8.1 (−18.1 to 1.9) | 17.7 (3.7 to 31.3) | .203 | .013 |
| Bodily pain | |||||
| Baseline | 58.6 (52.9‐64.3) | 64.3 (59.0‐69.6) | |||
| 3 months | 62.4 (56.4‐68.4) | 63.0 (57.4‐68.6) | |||
| Change from baseline | 3.8 (−2.5 to 10.0) | −1.3 (−6.1 to 3.5) | 5.1 (−2.7 to 12.8) | .106 | .197 |
| General health | |||||
| Baseline | 48.8 (43.7‐53.8) | 55.9 (50.7‐61.1) | |||
| 3 months | 46.4 (41.2‐51.6) | 54.6 (49.6‐59.7) | |||
| Change from baseline | −2.4 (−6.1 to 1.4) | −1.3 (−5.0 to 2.4) | −1.1 (−6.3 to 4.2) | −.033 | .688 |
| Vitality | |||||
| Baseline | 37.3 (32.5‐42.0) | 46.8 (41.9‐51.6) | |||
| 3 months | 41.8 (36.7‐46.9) | 50.6 (45.6‐55.7) | |||
| Change from baseline | 4.5 (0.1‐8.9) | 3.9 (0.1‐7.7) | 0.6 (−5.1 to 6.4) | .018 | .832 |
| Social functioning | |||||
| Baseline | 50.0 (43.9‐56.1) | 63.0 (57.3‐68.7) | |||
| 3 months | 62.7 (56.3‐69.1) | 67.2 (61.9‐72.6) | |||
| Change from baseline | 12.7 (6.6‐18.7) | 4.2 (−0.8‐9.3) | 8.5 (0.7‐16.2) | .174 | .034 |
| Role emotional | |||||
| Baseline | 44.0 (33.8‐54.2) | 53.7 (44.0‐63.4) | |||
| 3 months | 63.9 (54.0‐73.8) | 54.1 (44.2‐64.0) | |||
| Change from baseline | 19.9 (7.8‐32.0) | 0.4 (−9.9 to 10.8) | 19.5 (3.7‐35.2) | .198 | .016 |
| Mental health | |||||
| Baseline | 63.7 (59.2‐68.3) | 66.8 (63.0‐70.6) | |||
| 3 months | 73.5 (69.9‐77.1) | 69.9 (66.1‐73.7) | |||
| Change from baseline | 9.8 (5.9‐13.7) | 3.1 (−0.1 to 6.3) | 6.7 (1.7‐11.6) | .214 | .009 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; MD, mean difference; β, standardized coefficient beta.