Table 5.
Mixed-Effects Models Results, Earnings
| Unconditional | Excluding College-Enrolled | |
|---|---|---|
| b(SE) | b(SE) | |
| Model 1. Sociodemographic and family controls | ||
| Type of exit (reference is aged out) | ||
| Intercepts | ||
| Adopted | 0.43 (0.21)*a | 0.16 (0.26) |
| Reunified | −0.02 (0.08)bc | 0.20 (0.08)* |
| Other permanency | 0.21 (0.12)a | 0.33 (0.13)* |
| Slopes | ||
| Adopted * time | 0.06 (0.02)**a | 0.05 (0.02)* |
| Reunified * time | 0.01 (0.01)bc | 0.01 (0.01)c |
| Other permanency * time | 0.04 (0.01)***a | 0.04 (0.01)***c |
| Time since 18th birthday | 0.07 (0.00)*** | 0.07 (0.01)*** |
| Age at first entry | −0.04 (0.02)* | −0.01 (0.02) |
| Model 2. Add foster care-specific controls | ||
| Type of exit (reference is aged out) | ||
| Intercepts | ||
| Adopted | 0.11 (0.21) | −0.05 (0.26) |
| Reunified | −0.08 (0.09) | 0.10 (0.10) |
| Other permanency | −0.21 (0.13) | −0.04 (0.14) |
| Slopes | ||
| Adopted * time | 0.05 (0.02)**a | 0.05 (0.02)* |
| Reunified * time | 0.01 (0.01)bc | 0.01 (0.01)c |
| Other permanency * time | 0.04 (0.01)***a | 0.04 (0.01)***a |
| Time since 18th birthday | 0.07 (0.00)*** | 0.07 (0.01)*** |
| Foster care controls | ||
| Time in care (reference is <6 months) | ||
| 6–18 months | −0.19 (0.07)** | −0.18 (0.08)* |
| 19–36 months | −0.13 (0.10) | −0.15 (0.11) |
| More than 36 months | −0.08 (0.14) | −0.18 (0.15) |
| Number of placements | −0.06 (0.01)*** | −0.03 (0.01)** |
| % time in congregate care | −0.52 (0.09)*** | −0.32 (0.09)*** |
| % time in kinship care | 0.40 (0.10)*** | 0.44 (0.11)*** |
| Multiple entries | −0.01 (0.07) | −0.06 (0.08) |
| Age at first entry | −0.04 (0.02)* | −0.02 (0.02) |
Note: Linear coefficients with standard errors in parentheses. All models include county fixed effects. Models excluding college enrollees control for high school completion.
a.
Different from Reunified at p<.05
b.
Different from Adopted at p<.05;
c.
Different from Other permanency at p<.05
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<.001