Table 1 |.

Lymph node cells and delivery methods

Cell type	Immune response	Implicated diseases	Carriers and delivery methods	Refs
Peripheral tissue-resident dendritic cells	Adaptive T and B (humoral) cell immunity	Pathogenic infection; cancer (vaccination); and autoimmunity (tolerance induction)	Large particles (>500 nm diameter); microneedles; hydrogels; and topical application	70,71,105
Lymph node-resident dendritic cells	Adaptive T and B (humoral) cell immunity	Pathogenic infection; cancer (vaccination); and autoimmunity (tolerance induction)	Small delivery vehicles (10–100 nm diameter); liposomes; and cell-mediated transport	55,67,69,70,121,156
B cells	Humoral immunity	Pathogenic infection	Small antigens (<70 kDa); nanoparticles (<200 nm diameter); viruses; exosomes; and protein–immunoglobulin complexes	47,77,79,80,84,85
Effector CD8+ T cells	Antigen-specific cellular immunity	Viral infection and cancer	Blood-circulating T cells; ex vivo T cell labelling and adoptive cell transfer; HEV-targeting carriers; small molecules (<70 kDa) in conduits; and intra-lymph node microparticles	95,138,141
Regulatory CD4+ T cells	Tolerance against self-antigen	Autoimmunity; transplantation; and cancer (inhibition of immune suppression)	Blood-circulating T cells; ex vivo T cell labelling and adoptive cell transfer; HEV-targeting carriers; small molecules (<70 kDa) in conduits; and intra-lymph node microparticles	93,142,150
Lymph node-resident cancer cells	NA	Lymphoma and cancer metastasis	Small molecule chemotherapy and nanoparticles	74,75,94,140

HEV, high endothelial venule; NA, not applicable.