Table 1 |.
Cell type | Immune response | Implicated diseases | Carriers and delivery methods | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
Peripheral tissue-resident dendritic cells | Adaptive T and B (humoral) cell immunity | Pathogenic infection; cancer (vaccination); and autoimmunity (tolerance induction) | Large particles (>500 nm diameter); microneedles; hydrogels; and topical application | 70,71,105 |
Lymph node-resident dendritic cells | Adaptive T and B (humoral) cell immunity | Pathogenic infection; cancer (vaccination); and autoimmunity (tolerance induction) | Small delivery vehicles (10–100 nm diameter); liposomes; and cell-mediated transport | 55,67,69,70,121,156 |
B cells | Humoral immunity | Pathogenic infection | Small antigens (<70 kDa); nanoparticles (<200 nm diameter); viruses; exosomes; and protein–immunoglobulin complexes | 47,77,79,80,84,85 |
Effector CD8+ T cells | Antigen-specific cellular immunity | Viral infection and cancer | Blood-circulating T cells; ex vivo T cell labelling and adoptive cell transfer; HEV-targeting carriers; small molecules (<70 kDa) in conduits; and intra-lymph node microparticles | 95,138,141 |
Regulatory CD4+ T cells | Tolerance against self-antigen | Autoimmunity; transplantation; and cancer (inhibition of immune suppression) | Blood-circulating T cells; ex vivo T cell labelling and adoptive cell transfer; HEV-targeting carriers; small molecules (<70 kDa) in conduits; and intra-lymph node microparticles | 93,142,150 |
Lymph node-resident cancer cells | NA | Lymphoma and cancer metastasis | Small molecule chemotherapy and nanoparticles | 74,75,94,140 |
HEV, high endothelial venule; NA, not applicable.