TABLE VI.D.
Evidence for the effects of pollution exposure on the development of allergic rhinitis
Study | Year | LOE | Study design | Study groups | Clinical endpoint | Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Codispoti et al.578 | 2015 | 2b | Prospective cohort | DEP exposure at 1 year:
|
Development of AR by age 4 years | High DEP exposure did not correlate with the development of AR. |
Gehring et al.580 | 2015 | 2b | Pooled prospective cohort |
|
Incidence and prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis from age 4 to 14–16 years | No association between air pollution exposure and rhinoconjunctivitis incidence or prevalence at various ages. |
Kim et al.579 | 2011 | 2b | Prospective cohort | Concentrations of 5 air pollutants (NO2, O3, SO2, CO, PM10):
|
Development of AR in children over 2 years | Incidence of AR is not associated with air pollutants; however, there was a positive association between higher O3 levels and AR in industrial areas. |
Chiang et al.587 | 2016 | 3b | Case-control study | Exposure to SO2 over 11 years:
|
Diagnosis of AR in children | High exposure to SO2 correlates with an increased diagnosis of AR. |
Chung et al.588 | 2016 | 3b | Case-control study | Exposure to 5 air pollutants (PM10, NOx, SO2, CO, O3):
|
Diagnosis of AR in preschool children | Prediagnosis levels of CO and NOx were significantly related to AR diagnosis. |
Deng et al.557 | 2016 | 4 | Cross-sectional | Exposure to 3 air pollutants (PM10, NO2, SO2):
|
Diagnosis of AR in kindergarten children | Prenatal exposure to high NO2 correlated with AR; postnatal exposure to high PM10 correlated with AR. |
Kim et al.476 | 2016 | 4 | Cross-sectional | Exposure to 5 air pollutants (PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, O3):
|
Diagnosis of AR by the age of 6–7 years | Higher exposure to CO was associated with an increased lifetime prevalence of physician-diagnosed AR. |
Kim et al.589 | 2016 | 4 | Cross-sectional | Exposure to 5 air pollutants (PM10, NOx, SO2, BC, O3):
|
AR treatment over the past 12 months in children | High exposure to BC, SO2, and NO2 were significantly associated with increased treatment of AR. |
Liu et al.586 | 2016 | 4 | Cross-sectional | Exposure to 3 air pollutants (PM10, NO2, SO2):
|
Diagnosis of AR in children | High exposures to NO2 during gestation, the first year of life, second year, and throughout life correlated with the development of AR. |
Singh et al.584 | 2016 | 4 | Cross-sectional | Frequent passage of trucks near home:
|
Diagnosis of AR in children ages 6–7 and 13–14 years | Frequent passage of trucks was correlated with the occurrence of AR in both age groups. |
Wang et al.585 | 2016 | 4 | Cross-sectional | Exposure to 6 air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3):
|
Diagnosis of AR in children | High levels of PM2.5 correlate with an increased risk of AR. |
Jung et al.582 | 2015 | 4 | Cross-sectional |
|
Lifetime AR, past-year AR symptoms, diagnosed AR, and treated AR in children | Positive correlation between distance from main road and AR symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. |
Shirinde et al.583 | 2015 | 4 | Cross-sectional |
|
Diagnosis of AR in 13-year-old to 14-year-old children | Diagnosis of AR is significantly associated with the frequency of trucks passing by the residence. |
Anderson et al.581 | 2010 | 4 | Cross-sectional study |
|
Diagnosis of rhinoconjunctivitis at ages 6–7 and 13–14 years | Only significantly increased association between PM10 levels and rhinoconjunctivitis and atopy in 13-year-olds to 14-year-olds in countries with more than 1 testing center. |
AR = allergic rhinitis; BC = black carbon; CO = carbon monoxide; DEP = diesel exhaust particles; LOE = level of evidence; NO2 = nitrogen dioxide; NOx = nitrogen oxides; O3 = ozone; PM10 = particulate matter <10 μm; PM2.5 = particulate matter <2.5 μm; SO2 = sulfur dioxide.