TABLE VI.F.
Evidence for the association between allergic rhinitis and socioeconomic factors
Study | Year | LOE | Study design | Study groups | Clinical endpoint | Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grabenhenrich et al.613 | 2015 | 2b | Prospective cohort | Parental SES:
|
Diagnosis of AR by age 20 years | No association between SES and diagnosis of AR. |
Almqvist et al.611 | 2005 | 2b | Prospective cohort | Parental SES:
|
Diagnosis of AR at 4 years old | Parents of higher SES had children with a lower risk of AR, asthma, and food allergens. |
Bergmann et al.610 | 2000 | 2b | Prospective cohort | Parental SES:
|
Diagnosis of AR parents and in children 3–6 years old | Parental high SES correlated to high AR rates in parents; however, SES had no correlation with AR in children 3–6 years old. |
Lewis & Britton608 | 1998 | 2b | Prospective cohort | Level of “social advantage”:
|
Diagnosis of hay fever at ages 5, 10, and 16 years | Social advantage was significantly related to the diagnosis of AR with the “most advantaged” having the highest prevalence of AR. |
Ahn et al.478 | 2016 | 4 | Cross-sectional survey | SES:
|
|
Significant association between higher SES and symptom-based AR; but no association between SES and allergy test–based AR. |
Lee et al.615 | 2016 | 4 | Cross-sectional survey | Family affluence scale:
|
Diagnosis of AR in adolescents | High Family Affluence Scale was associated with higher prevalence of AR. |
Penaranda et al.616 | 2016 | 4 | Cross-sectional survey | SES:
|
Diagnosis of AR in children and adults | Middle and high SES was associated with increased AR symptoms in children but not in adults. |
Wronka et al.617 | 2016 | 4 | Cross-sectional survey | SES:
|
Diagnosis of AR in university students (ages 19–25 years) | Higher proportion of AR in students from high SES compared to low. |
Hammer-Helmich et al.612 | 2014 | 4 | Cross-sectional survey | Parental SES | Diagnosis of AR in children 11–15 and 3–6 years old | No association between household income and diagnosis of AR. |
Braback et al.609 | 2005 | 4 | Cross-sectional study | High vs low SES | Diagnosis of AR upon enrollment in military service | In the 1950s, low SES and AR were inversely related, but this association significantly decreased by 1970. |
AR = allergic rhinitis; LOE = level of evidence; SES = socioeconomic status.