TABLE III.C.1.

Medications causative or contributory to drug-induced rhinitis^40,44,48

Type of drug-induced rhinitis	General drug category	Specific drug category	Examples
Local inflammatory			NSAIDs (ibuprofen, indomethacin, diclofenac, sulindac, ketoprofen, naproxen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, piroxicam, meclofenamate, etodolac); Aspirin; Ketorolac (if administered via nasolacrimal duct)
Neurogenic and neuromuscular	α- and β-Adrenergic receptor modulators	α Antagonists	α-1: doxazosin, silodosin, prazosin, tamsulosin, alfuzosin, indoramin; α-1, α-2: phentolamine
		Presynaptic α-2 agonists	Clonidine, methyldopa, guanfacine, piribedil
		Beta-antagonists	β-1: metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol; β-1, β-2: pindolol; β-1, β-2, α-1: carvedilol, labetalol
		Presynaptic depletion of norepinephrine stores	Guanethidine
	Phosphodiesterase inhibitors	Phosphodiesterase-3 specific	Cilostazol
		Phosphodiesterase-5 specific	Sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil
		Nonselective phosphodiesterase	Pentoxifylline
	Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor		Ramipril, captopril, lisinopril, benazepril, quinapril, enalapril
Idiopathic		Psychotropics	Chlorpromazine, thioridazine, amitriptyline, alprazolam, reserpine, risperidone, mianserin
		Immunomodulators	Cyclosporine
		Hormones	Estrogen, oral contraceptives
		Antihypertensives	Amiloride, chlorothiazide, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide
		Other	Gabapentin, gingko biloba