Table 2.

Sources of Bias in Surgical Decision-Making

Source of Bias	Examples
Framing effect	Aclinician presents a clinical scenario to a surgeon in different context than the surgeon would have perceived during an independent assessment
Overconfidence bias	Asurgeon falsely perceives that weaknesses and failures disproportionatelyaffect their peers
Commission bias	Asurgeon tends toward action when inaction may be preferable, especially in the context of overconfidence bias
Anchoring bias	Patients are informed of expected outcomes using data from aggregate patient populations without adjusting for their personalized risk profile
Recall bias	Recent experiences with a certain patient population or operation disproportionately affect surgical decision-making relative to remote experiences
Confirmation bias	Outcomes are predicted using personal beliefs rather than evidence-based guidelines