. 2020 May 28;10:167. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-0847-1

Table 1.

Overview of themes, current research findings, and opportunities for research.

Theme	Current research findings	Opportunities for research
Attend to social determinants and social context	Models of drug distribution differ across communities and can influence culture of drug use Nudges may influence prescriber behavior Peer intervention models²⁰ and role of peers in recovery	Establish novel ways of collecting data to better understand how drug distribution influences drug use and can provide opportunities for prevention and treatment Apply modeling to data on social contextual risk and protective factors to predict OUD, to improve prevention and treatment strategies, and guide policy Explore how social networks can be used to identify, access and engage high-risk, difficult to reach populations for prevention and treatment
Emphasize a person-centered approach	Exposures across different stages of development confer unique risk and motivation for engagement and continuation in opioid misuse^41,43 Patient perceptions of participation in treatment decisions regarding MOUD can enhance outcomes¹⁰³	Uncover the most salient targets for intervention at different stages of development and trajectory of use Use optimization adaptive intervention designs to tailor strategies for prevention and treatment interventions to meet the needs of diverse at-risk groups
Bridging the gap between implementation science and implementation practice	Implementation science is identifying effective implementation strategies for evidence-based practices. Even effective interventions may not be sustained if not designed to fit well into existing clinical practices³³	Consider scalability and the role of intermediary organizations in Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) scaling Take a user-centered design perspective that considers patients, providers, and scalability
Use data to build cross-system collaborations and learning systems of care	Policy focus (e.g., reduce number of prescriptions, target people with OUD) can have significant impact on the broader use and outcome profile ⁸⁶ Evidence-based community coalition-based implementation systems, provide frameworks for utilizing community level data to inform selection, implementation, and evaluation of prevention programs (e.g., CTC, PROSPER)	Use modeling of responses to develop a portfolio of interventions with the greatest positive public health impact Utilize evidence based-implementation frameworks to engage community and system stakeholders and in the planning, implementation and evaluation of comprehensive prevention and treatment programming in a community

Theme

Current research findings

Opportunities for research

Attend to social determinants and social context

Models of drug distribution differ across communities and can influence culture of drug use

Nudges may influence prescriber behavior

Peer intervention models²⁰ and role of peers in recovery

Establish novel ways of collecting data to better understand how drug distribution influences drug use and can provide opportunities for prevention and treatment

Apply modeling to data on social contextual risk and protective factors to predict OUD, to improve prevention and treatment strategies, and guide policy

Explore how social networks can be used to identify, access and engage high-risk, difficult to reach populations for prevention and treatment

Emphasize a person-centered approach

Exposures across different stages of development confer unique risk and motivation for engagement and continuation in opioid misuse^41,43

Patient perceptions of participation in treatment decisions regarding MOUD can enhance outcomes¹⁰³

Uncover the most salient targets for intervention at different stages of development and trajectory of use

Use optimization adaptive intervention designs to tailor strategies for prevention and treatment interventions to meet the needs of diverse at-risk groups

Bridging the gap between implementation science and implementation practice

Implementation science is identifying effective implementation strategies for evidence-based practices.

Even effective interventions may not be sustained if not designed to fit well into existing clinical practices³³

Consider scalability and the role of intermediary organizations in Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) scaling

Take a user-centered design perspective that considers patients, providers, and scalability

Use data to build cross-system collaborations and learning systems of care

Policy focus (e.g., reduce number of prescriptions, target people with OUD) can have significant impact on the broader use and outcome profile ⁸⁶

Evidence-based community coalition-based implementation systems, provide frameworks for utilizing community level data to inform selection, implementation, and evaluation of prevention programs (e.g., CTC, PROSPER)

Use modeling of responses to develop a portfolio of interventions with the greatest positive public health impact

Utilize evidence based-implementation frameworks to engage community and system stakeholders and in the planning, implementation and evaluation of comprehensive prevention and treatment programming in a community