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. 2020 Jun 10;11(6):445. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-2656-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Scheme of treatment in a HepG2 xenograft tumor model with ongoing induced ER stress. Tumor volumes were measured every other day and plotted. The dot graph on the right shows dissected tumor weights at the end of experiment. Each dot represents the tumor mass from one mouse (n = 18). b UPR-related gene expression in the tumor xenografts was measured using qPCR (n = 3 mice for each group). c The expression of SHQ1, GRP78, and PCNA in the tumor tissues was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and presented as the IDO/area ratio (n = 3 mice for each group). Representative images are shown (×200). Apoptosis was detected using in situ TUNEL staining. The percentage of TUNEL-positive cells/total cells was analyzed in each field under fluorescent microscopy (×400). At least 10 independent random fields were counted for quantifying the data. All scale bars indicate 100 μm. Data shown in this figure are representative of three independent experiments. Quantified data represent the mean ± SD, two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test.