Fig. 1.

Effects of metformin, lithium, and combination treatment on the lifespan of GRU102 animals. a Metformin treatment significantly increased the lifespan of GRU101 and GRU102 animals (log-rank test P < 0.001; n = 70–110 animals per group). b Lithium treatment significantly increased the lifespan of GRU102 animals (log-rank test P < 0.001; n = 60–110 animals per group) but not the GRU101 controls. c Combination treatment using metformin and lithium (Comb) in the GRU102 animals. d Maximum lifespan, defined as the last 10% surviving animals of the cohort. One-way ANOVA Sidak’s multiple comparison test, *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001. Lifespan experiments in a–d have been repeated in at least one other independent trial with similar results obtained (Supplementary Table S1)