Table 2.
Analytical methods and Limits of Detection for urinary metabolites.
| Risk Agent | Biomarker | Limit of Detection (LoD) |
|---|---|---|
| Ethylbenzene | Phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) |
0.015 mg/L |
| Ethylbenzene | Mandelic acid (MA) |
0.02 mg/L |
| Xylenes | Methylhyppuric acid (MHIPP) |
1 μg/mL |
| Toluene | S-Benzylmercapturic acid (SBMA) |
0.35 μg/L |
| Benzene | S-Phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) |
0.026 μg/L |
| Nicotine (active smoking) | Cotinine | 12.41 μg/L |
| Oxidative stress on DNA | 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) |
0.5 μg/L |
| Oxidative stress on RNA | 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) |
0.7 μg/L |
| Oxidative stress on DNA and RNA | 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) |
0.5 μg/L |
| Nitrosative stress on proteins | 3-nitrotyrosine | 1.0 μg/L |
| Methylation of RNA | 5-methylcytidine | 0.01 μg/L |