Fig. 5.

Curcumin promotes autophagy activation through regulating AMPK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Cell experiments were divided into five groups: control group (no TGF, untreated); model group (TGF induction, 2 ng·mL⁻¹, no treatment); Curcumin (10 μM/L) and TGF induction group; Curcumin (c) and TGF induction group; Curcumin (30 μM/L) and TGF induction group. A–B: Western blot and Real-time PCR analysis were used to detect the expression of PPARα, AMPK, mTOR, SQSTM1, α-SMA, Vimentin and LC3 (x ± s, n ≥ 3). β-Actin was used as an invariant control for equal loading. GAPDH was used as an invariant control for equal loading. ROS、GSH was tested with the corresponding kit. Compared with the control group ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01,^###P < 0.001; Compared with the model group (TGF-β, 2 ng·mL⁻¹) *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.