Table 3.

Effects of the Automobile NO_x Law on fetal and infant health outcomes.

	(Air Quality Bureau of the Environment Agency and Automobile NOx Law Research Group, 19941) FDR	(2) LBWR	(3) IMR	(4) NMR
	[36.79]	[6.40]	[4.46]	[2.45]
Regulation	2.593	−0.088	−0.017	−0.003
	(2.799)	(0.315)	(0.916)	(0.685)
I (Year = 1991)	−1.179	0.168	−0.246	−0.310
	(1.497)	(0.171)	(0.524)	(0.361)
I(Year = 1993)	−1.655	0.624***	−0.255	−0.249
	(1.521)	(0.191)	(0.538)	(0.382)
I(Year = 2000)	−4.397**	2.290***	−1.055**	−0.360
	(2.029)	(0.227)	(0.450)	(0.386)
Regulation$\times$I(Year = 1991)	−1.501	0.202	−0.026	−0.078
	(1.570)	(0.183)	(0.545)	(0.377)
Regulation$\times$I(Year = 1993)	−4.218**	0.105	0.188	0.019
	(1.637)	(0.201)	(0.567)	(0.401)
Regulation$\times$I(Year = 2000)	−7.094***	0.060	0.115	−0.397
	(2.130)	(0.238)	(0.502)	(0.404)
Control variables	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
City-county FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	1559	1559	1559	1559
Municipalities	390	390	390	390
Adj. R-squared	0.5595	0.5759	0.0276	0.0392

Notes: FDR, LBWR, IMR, and NMR represent the fetal death rate, low-birth weight rate, infant mortality rate, and neonatal mortality rate, respectively. The regression shown in Column (1) is weighted by the number of births, whereas the regressions shown in Columns (2)–(4) are weighted by the number of live births. The mean values of the outcome variables in regulated areas in the pre-intervention period are reported in brackets. The control variables include the coverage of hospitals and proportion of households receiving welfare benefits. ***, **, and * represent statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively. Standard errors clustered at the municipal level are in parentheses.