Table 2.
Visual assessment in the two groups.
| Neonatal Visual Assessment | Item Categories | Early Intervention (n = 27) | Standard Care (n = 30) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spontaneous ocular motility | Mainly conjugated | 26 (96.3%) | 21 (70%) | 0.013◦ |
| Occasional strabismus/occasional or lateral nystagmus | 1 (3.7%) | 9 (30%) | ||
| Intermittent strabismus/nystagmus | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Continuous strabismus/nystagmus | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Ocular movements with target | Mainly conjugated | 23 (85.2%) | 16 (53.3%) | 0.012◦ |
| Occasional strabismus/occasional or lateral nystagmus | 4 (14.8%) | 14 (46.7%) | ||
| Intermittent strabismus/nystagmus | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Continuous strabismus/nystagmus | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Fixation | Stable (>3 s) | 27 (100%) | 30 (100%) | n.a. |
| Unstable (<3 s) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Absent | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Tracking—Horizontal | Complete | 27 (100%) | 30 (100%) | n.a. |
| Incomplete | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Brief | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Absent | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Tracking—Vertical | Complete | 27 (100%) | 29 (96.7%) | 1◦ |
| Incomplete | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.33%) | ||
| Brief | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Absent | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Tracking—Arc | Complete | 27 (100%) | 24 (80%) | 0.025◦ |
| Incomplete | 0 (0%) | 6 (20%) | ||
| Brief | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Absent | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Tracking colored stimulus | Present | 27% (100%) | 30 (100%) | n.a. |
| Absent | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Stripes discrimination | 7–8 cards | 21 (77.8%) | 10 (33.3%) | 0.001◦ |
| 5–6 cards | 6 (22.2%) | 15 (50%) | ||
| 3–4 cards | 0 (0%) | 5 (16.7%) | ||
| <3 cards | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Attention at distance | ≥70 cm | 20 (74.1%) | 6 (20%) | <0.001◦ |
| 51–69 cm | 6 (22.2%) | 17 (56.7%) | ||
| 30–50 cm | 1 (3.7%) | 7 (23.3%) | ||
| <30 cm | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
“◦”
Fisher exact test.
The last column shows the p-value for a Fisher exact test comparing the best performance vs. all the others. The best performance is shown in bold.