Figure 7.

Overview of the effects of the LGG, TP and synbiotic treatment on HDM-induce murine model of asthma. After the initial exposure to HDM IL-33, GM-CSF, TSLP and IL-25 is released by damaged tissue, and IL-33 activate DCs and ILC2. CCL17 are proliferated by activated DC, which can polarize naïve T cells into Th2 cells. LGG, TP or combination therapy tended to reduce CCL17 and IL-33 concentrations, leading to decrease DCs activation. Beyond their effect on suppressing DC-related cytokine and chemokine, they reduced the differentiation of naïve T cells to Th2 cells significantly. ILC2 cells as well as Th2 cells have the ability to produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Concentrations of IL-5 and IL-13 were reduced after specifically synbiotics treatment. The number of eosinophils reduced by all treatments specially 10⁵ cfu/ml LGG. All treatments could significantly reduce the Th2 and Th17 frequency. This reduction was more remarkable in HDM-TP-LGG E5 compared to asthmatic and probiotic group. On the other hand, the Treg frequency showed an elevation in HDM-TP-LGG E7 compared to asthmatic and probiotic group.