Table 1.

Summary of genomic sequencing technologies utilized by researchers cited in this review.

	Summary of technique
Sanger Sequencing (39)	• cDNA amplified using fluorescently labeled nucleic acid, primers, DNA polymerases • Amplified cDNA segments separated in capillary gel • Fluorescent labels used to sequence segments
Microarray (40)	• Microarray chip contains cDNA probes for transcripts of interest • Isolated cDNA hybridized to chip • Microarray chip scanned to quantify gene expression
Tag-based sequencing (SAGE) (41)/Super-SAGE) (42)	• Streptavidin beads used to bind cDNA • Restriction endonuclease cleaves cDNA, cleaved cDNA discarded • Oligonucleotide adaptors added, with binding site for cleaved sticky end (Adaptor contains an upstream tag-enzyme binding-site and a primer site for subsequent steps) • Complementary strand to cDNA produced until cleaved by tagging-enzyme (15 b.p. for standard SAGE) • Final tags annealed to form a contig—multiple DNA “tags” separated by a primer and tag-enzyme binding site • Contig expanded by bacterial replication and sequenced • DNA tags aligned with reference genome
RNA-seq (43)	• cDNA isolated and cleaved into fragments • Fragments sequenced by NGS technologies • Sequences classified [exonic/junctional/Poly(A)] and aligned with reference genome
Massive Analysis of Complementary DNA Ends (44, 45)	• Combination of tag-based approach and NGS • cDNA randomly fragmented • Sequence generated from poly(A) tail on 5′ cDNA strand • Contigs assembled, replicated, sequenced and aligned with reference genome
scRNA-seq (46)	• Single cells sorted into individual wells • Transcriptome for each individual cell generated separately by NGS methods