TABLE 5.

Partial correlations between visual crowding effect and reading performance and cognitive skills, controlling for age and non-verbal intelligence.

	VCSG	VCSC
Reading fluency	–0.140	−0.260*
Word reading	0.016	–0.117
RAN-D, sec	0.175	0.026
RAN-O, sec	0.145	0.035
RAN-C, sec	–0.012	–0.083
PA	–0.118	–0.126
Forward digit span	0.115	–0.105
Backward digit span	–0.066	0.149
Stroop	0.030	0.108
Chinese component search	–0.063	–0.203
Writing	–0.095	–0.027

VCSG, visual crowding strength of gratings; VCSC, visual crowding strength of Chinese characters. Asterisk(s) indicates significance levels: *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01.