Table 4.

Risk factors for early (within 90 days) postoperative respiratory complications (n=64, 27.1%)

Variable	Univariate		Multivariate
	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Age	1.011 (0.983–1.039)	0.451
Sex (ref: female)	2.593 (1.440–4.668)	0.001	2.166 (1.150–4.077)	0.017
Body mass index	0.950 (0.867–1.041)	0.272
PVI group (ref: normal-to-high PVI)	2.119 (1.130–3.975)	0.019
Pulmonary function tests
FVC (L)	1.365 (0.981–1.900)	0.065
FVC (%)	0.996 (0.975–1.017)	0.713
FEV1 (L)	1.185 (0.755–1.859)	0.461
FEV1 (%)	0.991 (0.972–1.009)	0.319
DLCO (L)	0.974 (0.915–1.038)	0.421
DLCO (%)	0.970 (0.952–0.989)	0.002	0.974 (0.955–0.993)	0.008
Comorbidities (ref: no disease)
Hypertension	1.006 (0.564–1.794)	0.984
Diabetes mellitus	2.013 (0.953–4.254)	0.067
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	3.796 (1.426–10.107)	0.008
History of tuberculosis	1.747 (0.688–4.437)	0.241
Blood laboratories
Hemoglobin	0.825 (0.670–1.016)	0.071
C-reactive protein	1.085 (0.837–1.407)	0.539
Albumin	0.529 (0.221–1.267)	0.153
Carcinoembryonic antigen	0.990 (0.937–1.046)	0.721
Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio	1.092 (0.944–1.263)	0.235
Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index	0.968 (0.934–1.003)	0.073
Smoking history (ref: no history)	2.545 (1.413–4.582)	0.002
Smoking (pack-years)	1.014 (0.999–1.029)	0.063
Approach (ref: video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery)	1.817 (0.297–11.134)	0.518
Extent of resection (ref: sublobar)	1.135 (0.482–2.675)	0.772
Intraoperation
Anesthesia time	1.010 (1.004–1.016)	0.001
Operation time	1.010 (1.004–1.016)	0.001	1.008 (1.001–1.015)	0.018
Blood loss	1.001 (0.999–1.002)	0.235

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ref, reference; PVI, psoas volume index; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; D_LCO, diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide.