Figure 1.

Multi-scale, bi-ventricular three-dimensional rat heart contraction model. Given a fixed calcium transient (a) and mesh with fibres (b), the vector m of parameters representing cell, tissue and haemodynamics properties (table 1) constitutes the input for the model. LV volume and pressure transients and pressure-volume loop are obtained after a four-beats model run. The vector d of LV features (table 2), extracted from the fourth-beat curves (c1–c2), constitutes the output for the model. (Online version in colour.)