TABLE 1—
Participants’ Characteristics According to Housing Typology: EPIPorto Cohort Study, Porto, Portugal, 1999–2019
| Variable | Conventional Housing, No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Affordable Housing, No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Social Housing, No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Ilhas, No. (%) or Mean ±SD | P |
| No. | 1863 (75.1) | 106 (4.3) | 394 (15.9) | 120 (4.8) | |
| Female gender | 1137 (61.0) | 75 (70.8) | 253 (64.2) | 73 (60.8) | .17 |
| Age, y | 52.2 ±15.6 | 56.0 ±15.5 | 54.3 ±14.9 | 57.3 ±14.2 | < .001 |
| Married or similar marital status | 1253 (67.3) | 76 (71.7) | 266 (67.5) | 85 (70.8) | .69 |
| Educational attainment | |||||
| Low | 967 (51.9) | 79 (74.5) | 355 (90.1) | 113 (94.2) | < .001 |
| Medium | 277 (14.9) | 10 (9.4) | 28 (7.1) | 5 (4.2) | |
| High | 619 (33.2) | 17 (16.0) | 11 (2.8) | 2 (2.7) | |
| Occupation | |||||
| Manual | 201 (10.8) | 15 (14.3) | 130 (33.0) | 35 (29.2) | < .001 |
| Nonmanual | 829 (44.5) | 33 (31.4) | 46 (11.7) | 16 (13.3) | |
| Other (retired, housewives, unemployed) | 832 (44.7) | 57 (54.3) | 218 (55.3) | 69 (57.5) | |
| Residence in Porto ≥ 20 y | 1512 (81.2) | 86 (81.1) | 315 (79.9) | 91 (75.8) | .53 |
| Alcohol intake | |||||
| Abstainer | 635 (34.9) | 42 (41.2) | 115 (30.5) | 37 (32.7) | < .001 |
| Low | 846 (46.6) | 42 (41.2) | 164 (43.5) | 42 (37.2) | |
| High | 336 (18.5) | 18 (17.6) | 98 (26.0) | 18 (30.1) | |
| Smoking | |||||
| Never smokers | 995 (54.4) | 69 (67.6) | 232 (61.5) | 67 (59.3) | .020 |
| Former smokers | 399 (21.8) | 14 (13.7) | 59 (15.7) | 21 (18.6) | |
| Current smokers | 434 (23.7) | 19 (18.6) | 86 (22.8) | 25 (22.1) | |
| Body mass indexa | |||||
| Underweight or normal | 745 (40.8) | 33 (31.4) | 97 (25.0) | 33 (27.7) | < .001 |
| Overweight | 729 (39.9) | 46 (43.8) | 162 (41.8) | 51 (42.9) | |
| Obese | 351 (19.2) | 26 (24.8) | 129 (33.2) | 35 (29.4) | |
| Physical inactivity | 1354 (74.0) | 83 (81.4) | 324 (85.7) | 95 (84.1) | <. 001 |
| Hypertension | 889 (47.8) | 53 (50.0) | 230 (58.7) | 69 (57.5) | <. 001 |
| Diabetes | 225 (12.1) | 10 (9.2) | 59 (15.0) | 19 (15.8) | .21 |
| Deaths | 272 (14.6) | 23 (21.7) | 84 (21.3) | 34 (28.3) | < .001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 68 (25.0)b | 5 (21.7) | 21 (25.0) | 13 (38.2) | < .001 |
| Cancer | 64 (23.5) | 6 (26.0) | 19 (22.6) | 9 (26.4) | .06 |
| Other causes of death | 140 (51.5) | 12 (52.2) | 44 (52.4) | 12 (35.3) | .06 |
| Premature deaths (before aged 70 y) | 58 (21.3) | 3 (13.0) | 14 (16.7) | 9 (26.5) | .12 |
| Years follow-up | 16.6 ±4.1 | 15.9 ±4.7 | 15.5 ±4.3 | 15.5 ±4.3 | < .001 |
Note. Ilha is the local word for substandard housing. The sample size was n = 2485.
a
Weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (kg/m2): underweight or normal (< 25 kg/m2), overweight (25 to < 30 kg/m2), or obese (≥ 30 kg/m2).
b
Percentage in relation to the number of deaths in each housing typology.