TABLE 2—

Associations Between All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality and Housing Typology: EPIPorto Cohort Study, Porto, Portugal, 1999–2019

	Model 1, RR (95% CI)	Model 2, RR (95% CI)	Model 3, RR (95% CI)
All-cause mortality
Conventional housing (Ref)	1	1	1
Affordable housing	1.43 (0.91, 2.14)	1.37 (0.86, 2.08)	1.38 (0.83, 2.16)
Social housing	1.68 (1.30, 2.15)	1.59 (1.22, 2.06)	1.52 (1.14, 1.99)
Ilhas	1.74 (1.19, 2.45)	1.64 (1.12, 2.33)	1.45 (0.96, 2.12)
Cardiovascular mortality
Conventional housing (Ref)	1	1	1
Affordable housing	1.14 (0.40, 2.55)	0.94 (0.29, 2.28)	0.83 (0.20, 2.29)
Social housing	1.64 (0.98, 2.64)	1.64 (0.96, 2.70)	1.29 (0.69, 2.28)
Ilhas	2.46 (1.30, 4.30)	2.48 (1.29, 4.43)	2.36 (1.18, 4.35)
Cancer mortality
Conventional housing (Ref)	1	1	1
Affordable housing	1.64 (0.63, 3.50)	1.63 (0.63, 3.49)	1.87 (0.72, 4.03)
Social housing	1.55 (0.90, 2.53)	1.51 (0.86, 2.54)	1.53 (0.86, 2.62)
Ilhas	1.95 (0.90, 3.73)	1.86 (0.85, 3.62)	1.63 (0.71, 3.30)

Note. CI = confidence interval; RR = rate ratio. Ilha is the local word for substandard housing. The sample size was n = 2485. Model 1 = adjusted for sex and age. Model 2 = additionally adjusted for residence in Porto for 20 years or more, education, occupation, and marital status. Model 3 = additionally adjusted for 25 × 25 risk factors (current smoking, harmful use of alcohol, insufficient physical activity, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes).