TABLE 2—
Bivariable and Multivariable Associations of Singleton Preterm Birth With the 1938 Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) Grade, Individual-Level Maternal Characteristics, and Current Census Tract Poverty and Racialized Economic Segregation: New York City, 2013–2017
| Multivariable: HOLC Grade With Maternal Characteristics and Specified Census Tract Measures |
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| Census Tract–Level Variable | Bivariable Model 1, OR (95% CI) |
Model 2a,OR (95% CI) | Model 3ab,OR (95% CI) | Model 3bc, OR (95% CI) |
| HOLC grade | ||||
| A (green)—“best” (Ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| B (blue)—“still desirable” | 1.37 (1.22, 1.53) | 1.17 (1.04, 1.31) | 1.14 (1.01, 1.28) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.22) |
| C (yellow)— “definitely declining” | 1.45 (1.31, 1.61) | 1.19 (1.07, 1.34) | 1.16 (1.03, 1.30) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.23) |
| D (red)—“hazardous” | 1.55 (1.39, 1.72) | 1.18 (1.05, 1.32) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.28) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) |
| Other or unclassified | 1.37 (1.23, 1.53) | 1.18 (1.05, 1.33) | 1.16 (1.03, 1.30) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.25) |
| Poverty level (% below US poverty line) | ||||
| Very low (< 10%; Ref) | 1 | . . . | 1 | . . . |
| Medium (10% to < 20%) | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17) | . . . | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | . . . |
| High (20% to < 30%) | 1.17 (1.12, 1.23) | . . . | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) | . . . |
| Very high (≥ 30%) | 1.30 (1.24, 1.37) | . . . | 1.07 (1.02, 1.11) | . . . |
| ICE for racialized economic segregation: high-income White households vs low-income Black households | ||||
| Tercile 1 (best off; Ref) | 1 | . . . | . . . | 1 |
| Tercile 2 | 1.25 (1.20, 1.30) | . . . | . . . | 1.10 (1.06, 1.15) |
| Tercile 3 (worst off) | 1.74 (1.68, 1.80) | . . . | . . . | 1.25 (1.20, 1.30) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; ICE = index of concentration at the extremes; OR = odds ratio. Maternal characteristics (individual-level) adjusted for in the multivariable models: race/ethnicity, age, nativity, and educational level (note: all parameter estimates are provided in Table E, available as a supplement to the online version of this article at http://www.ajph.org). See Table A and Table C (available as supplements to the online version of this article at http://www.ajph.org) for technical details on the HOLC grade and census tract variables, and see Table E for models that separately adjust for cumulative census tract poverty and the census tract ICE for housing tenure, in addition to maternal characteristics.
Maternal only.
Maternal plus current poverty.
Maternal plus racialized economic segregation.