Table 1.
Summary of the results of all questions from the questionnaire as well as all musical and cognitive tests for both the group of adults with versus without dyslexia.
| General Participant Information (in N) | With Dyslexia (N = 23) | Without Dyslexia (N = 23) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (mean, range) | 23.781 (7–35) | 23.95 (18–35) |
| Gender | 9 women, 14 men | 12 women, 11 men |
| Handedness | 19 right, 1 left, 3 both | 22 right, 1 left |
| Native language = German | 23 | 23 |
| Mother with native language other than German | 1 | 2 |
| Father with native language other than German | 3 | 0 |
| Vision problems (short- or far-sighted, usually compensated by glasses) | 10 | 9 |
| Hearing problems | Auditory perception disorder (1), Otitis media with effusion in childhood (1), Un-defined (1) |
0 |
| Language problems | Stuttering (1), Specific Language Impairment (1) | 0 |
| Learning problems | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (2) | 0 |
| Highest Education (in N) | ||
| Without degree | 1 | 1 |
| Hauptschule | 0 | 0 |
| Realschule | 7 | 2 |
| Fachhochschulreife | 2 | 0 |
| Hochschulreife (Abitur) | 8 | 13 |
| Berufsausbildung | 8 | 1 |
| Hochschulabschluss | 0 | 7 |
| Promotion | 0 | 0 |
| Other | 1 | 0 |
| Foreign Language Experience (Max. Number of Learned Foreign Languages, in N) | ||
| One | 8 | - |
| Two | 9 | 11 |
| Three | 5 | 7 |
| Four | 1 | 3 |
| Five | 0 | 2 |
| General Musical Experience (in N) | 19 yes, 4 no | 18 yes, 5 no |
| Specific Musical Experience (Average, Range in Bracket) | ||
| Number of instruments (or musical activities such as choir, dance) | 2.05 (1–6) | 2.94 (1–6) |
| Age of first musical instrument or activity acquisition | 10.72 (4–24) | 8.35 (4–20) |
| Years of practicing a musical instrument or activity | 6.11 (1–16) | 13.06 (1–30) |
| Hours spent singing per week | 3.74 (0–35) | 2.18 (0–10) |
| Hours spent dancing per week | 0.72 (0–6) | 1.09 (0–7) |
| Hours spent with instrument play per week (excl. participants without musical experience) | 4.26 (0–40) | 2.53 (0–20) |
| Hours spent listening to music per week | 13.04 (0–80) | 13.86 (0–40) |
| Musical Abilities (Self-estimated, Likert Scale 0 (No Ability)–10 (Perfect) (Average, Range in Bracket) | ||
| Musical instrument (excl. participants without musical experience) | 3.6 (0–9) | 5.35 (0–9) |
| Dancing | 1.9 (0–8) | 3.82 (0–9) |
| Singing | 2.59 (0–7) | 4.55 (0–9) |
| Preferred Music Styles (in N) | ||
| Classical music | 8 | 11 |
| Pop | 13 | 15 |
| Rock | 16 | 14 |
| Hiphop | 14 | 7 |
| Jazz | 7 | 7 |
| Popular folk (Schlager) | 2 | 1 |
| Reggae | 11 | 3 |
| Techno | 8 | 7 |
| Heavy Metal | 4 | 4 |
| World music | 5 | 3 |
| Country | 2 | 4 |
| Other | 1 (dubstep) | 1 (child music) |
| Dyslexia Therapy (in N) | ||
| Received dyslexia therapy | 20 of 23 | |
| Therapy included music therapy | 3 of 23 | |
| Dyslexia Characteristics (in N) | ||
| Reading and writing difficulties | 9 of 23 | |
| Reading difficulties alone | 3 of 23 | |
| Writing difficulties alone | 11 of 23 | |
| Performance in Musicality Tests (in % Correct Responses, Range) | ||
| Musical Ear Test: rhythm test | 62% (44–79) | 74% (52–92) |
| Performance in Cognitive Tasks (in N Correct Responses, Range) | ||
| Salzburger Lese-Rechtschreib-Test: word reading | 85.13 (18–119) | 127.82 (92–156) |
| Salzburger Lese-Rechtschreib-Test: pseudoword reading | 44.13 (14–81) | 85.82 (24–124) |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Verbal Comprehension: similarities | 23.13 (14–33) | 26.77 (14–34) |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Working Memory: digit span | 24 (15–38) | 28.86 (22–37) |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Processing Speed: symbol search | 37.04 (20–56) | 43.18 (25–65) |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Processing Speed: coding | 64.83 (34–96) | 81.14 (63–115) |