Table A1.
Mechanical properties (stiffness and reference strain) of the implemented ligaments were adapted from the literature [60,61,74,80]. The tibiofemoral ligament structures included: two bundles posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), two bundles lateral collateral ligament (LCL), three bundle medial collateral ligament (MCL), two bundles oblique popliteal ligament (OPL), one bundle arcuate popliteal ligament (APL), two bundles posterior capsule (pCAP), three bundles lateral patellofemoral ligament (LPFL), three bundles medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), and the patellar ligament (PL). Reference strains are the respective ligament strain values for the reference position upright standing. Stiffness is expressed in Newton per unit strain.
| Tibiofemoral | Patellofemoral | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ligament | Ligament Bundle | Stiffness (N) | Ref. Strain | Ligament | Ligament Bundle | Stiffness (N) | Ref. Strain | |
| PCL | a | 3000 | −0.10 | MPFL | p | 2500 | 0.12 | |
| p | 1500 | −0.03 | c | 2500 | 0.08 | |||
| d | 2500 | 0.08 | ||||||
| MCL | a | 1500 | 0.04 | LPFL | p | 2000 | 0.06 | |
| c | 2000 | 0.06 | ||||||
| d | 2000 | 0.06 | ||||||
| c | 1500 | 0.04 | PL | − | − | |||
| p | 1500 | 0.02 | a | anterior | ||||
| LCL | a | 2250 | −0.25 | c | central | |||
| p | 2250 | 0.08 | d | distal | ||||
| OPL | p | 1250 | 0.06 | i | inferior | |||
| d | 1500 | 0.04 | l | lateral | ||||
| pCAP | l | 2500 | 0.05 | m | medial/middle | |||
| m | 2500 | 0.05 | p | posterior/proximal | ||||
| APL | 1500 | 0.04 | s | superior | ||||