Table 1.
Primary sequences of antimicrobial peptides from animal venoms/secretions with their respective antimicrobial activity. The accession number/reference of each peptide is given.
| Animal | Peptide | Primary Sequence | Activity | Accession Number/Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spiders | ||||
| Lycosa carolinensis | Lycotoxins-I | NIWLTALKFLGKHAAHLAKQQLSKLC | Antibacterial Antifungal | P61507.1 |
| Lycotoxins-II | NKIKWFKTMKSIAKFIAKEQMKKHLGGEC | P61508.1 | ||
| Ornithoctonus hainana | Oh-defensin | NMLCKLSMFGAVLGVPACAIDCLPMGKTGGSCEGGVCGCRKLTFKILWDKKFGC | [26] | |
| Alopecosa nagpag | Av-LCTX-An1a | NMETAHVFLLSFLLLCVFAVDLIEAGFGCPLDQMQCHNHCQSVRYRGGYCTNFLKMTCKCYGC | Antiviral | QGD15041 |
| Lycosa erythrognatha | LyeTxI | NXIWLTALKFLGKNLGKLAKQQLAKLXC | Antibacterial | 6CL3_A |
| Scorpions | ||||
| Androctonus australis | Androctonin | NRSVCRQIKICRRRGGCYYKCTNRPYC | Antibacterial Antifungal | P56684.1 |
| Leiurus quinquestriatus | Defensin | NGFGCPLNQGACHRHCRSIRRRGGYCAGFFKQTCTCYRNC | Antibacterial | P41965.1 |
| Hadrurus aztecus | Hadrurin | NGILDTIKSIASKVWNSKTVQDLKRKGINWVANKLGVSPQAAC | P82656.1 | |
| Pandinus imperator | Pandinin 1 | NGKVWDWIKSAAKKIWSSEPVSQLKGQVLNAAKNYVAEKIGATPTC | P83239.1 | |
| Pandinin 2 | NFWGALAKGALKLIPSLFSSFSKKDC | Antibacterial Antifungal | P83240.1 | |
| Scorpine | NMNSKLTALIFLGLIAIAYCGWINEEKIQKKIDERMGNTVLGGMAKAIVHKMAKNEFQCMANMDMLGNCEKHCQTSGEKGYCHGTKCKCGTPLSYC | Antimalarial Antibacterial | P56972.1 | |
| Scorpio maurus palmatus | Smp76 | NGWINEKKMQQKIDEKIGKNIIGGMAKAVIHKMAKNEFQCVANVDTLGNCKKHCAKTTGEKGYCHGTKCKCGIELSYC | Antiviral | [41] |
| Lychas mucronatus | Mucroporin | NMKVKFLLAVFLIVLVVTDHCHALFGLIPSLIGGLVSAFKGRRKRQMEARFEPQNRNYRKRELDLEKLFANMPDYC | Antibacterial | ACF93401.1 |
| Wasps and Bees | ||||
| Polistes dominulus | Dominulin-A | NINWKKIAEVGGKILSSLC | Antibacterial | P0C1M6.1 |
| Dominulin-B | NINWKKIAEIGKQVLSALC | P0C1M7.1 | ||
| Apis mellifera | Melittin | NMKFLVNVALVFMVVYISYIYAAPEPEPAPEPEAEADAEADPEAGIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQGC | Antibacterial Antiparasitic Antiviral | AFI40556.1 |
| Polybia paulista | Mastoparan | NIDWKKLLDAAKQILC | Antibacterial Antiparasitic | P0C1Q4.1 |
| Synthetic peptide | Mastoporan-derived peptide (MP7-NH2) | NINLKALAALAKALL-NH2C | Antiviral | [64] |
| Ants | ||||
| Pachycondyla goeldii | Ponericin-L1 | NLLKELWTKMKGAGKAVLGKIKGLLC | Antibacterial | P82421.1 |
| Ponericin-L2 | NLLKELWTKIKGAGKAVLGKIKGLLC | P82422.1 | ||
| Ponericin-G1 | NGWKDWAKKAGGWLKKKGPGMAKAALKAAMQC | Antibacterial Antifungal | P82414.1 | |
| Ponericin-G2 | NGWKDWLKKGKEWLKAKGPGIVKAALQAATQC | P82415.1 | ||
| Ponericin-G3 | NGWKDWLNKGKEWLKKKGPGIMKAALKAATQC | P82416.1 | ||
| Ponericin-G4 | NDFKDWMKTAGEWLKKKGPGILKAAMAAATC | P82417.1 | ||
| Ponericin-G5 | NGLKDWVKIAGGWLKKKGPGILKAAMAAATQC | P82418.1 | ||
| Ponericin-G6 | NGLVDVLGKVGGLIKKLLPC | P82419.1 | ||
| Ponericin-G7 | NGLVDVLGKVGGLIKKLLPGC | P82420.1 | ||
| Ponericin-W1 | NWLGSALKIGAKLLPSVVGLFKKKKQC | P82423.1 | ||
| Ponericin-W2 | NWLGSALKIGAKLLPSVVGLFQKKKKC | P82424.1 | ||
| Ponericin-W3 | NGIWGTLAKIGIKAVPRVISMLKKKKQC | P82425.1 | ||
| Ponericin-W4 | NGIWGTALKWGVKLLPKLVGMAQTKKQC | P82426.1 | ||
| Ponericin-W5 | NFWGALIKGAAKLIPSVVGLFKKKQC | P82427.1 | ||
| Ponericin-W6 | NFIGTALGIASAIPAIVKLFKC | Antibacterial | P82428.1 | |
| Myrmecia pilosula | Pilosulin-1 | NMKLSCLLLTLTIIFVLTIVHAPNVEAKDLADPESEAVGFADAFGEADAVGEADPNAGLGSVFGRLARILGRVIPKVAKKLGPKVAKVLPKVMKEAIPMAVEMAKSQEEQQPQC | Antibacterial Antifungal | Q07932.1 |
| Tetramorium bicarinatum | P17 | NMKLSFLSLALATIFVMAIIYAPQMEARASSDADADAAASADADADALAEASALFKEILEKIKAKLGKKC | Antifungal | AIO11144.1 |
| Bicarinalin | NMKLSFLSLVLAIILVMALMYTPHAEAKAWADADADATAAADADADAVADALADAVAKIKIPWGKVKDFLVGGMKAVGKKC | Antibacterial Antifungal Antiparasitic | W8GNV3.1 | |
| Snakes | ||||
| Crotalus durissus | Crotamine | NMKILYLLFAFLFLAFLSEPGNAYKQCHKKGGHCFPKEKICLPPSSDFGKMDCRWRWKCCKKGSGKC | Antibacterial | AAF34911.1 |
| Bothrops marajoensis | L-AAO | NAHDGNPLEECFREDDEEFFLEIAKNGLTATSNPKRVVIVC | Antibacterial Antifungal Antiparasitic | P0CJ40.1 |
| Bungarus fasciatus | Cathelicidin | NMEGFFWKTLLVVGALAIAGTSSLPHKPLIYEEAVDLAVSIYNSKSGEDSLYRLLEAVSPPKWDPLSESNQELNFTMKETVCLVAEERSLEECDFQEDGVVMGCTGYYFFGESPPVVVLTCKPVGEEGEQKQEEGNEEEKEVEEEEQEEDEKDQPRRVKRFKKFFRKLKKSVKKRAKEFFKKPRVIGVSIPFC | Antibacterial | ACI22652.1 |
| Oxyuranus microlepidotus | Omwaprin | NKDRPKKPGLCPPRPQKPCVKECKNDDSCPGQQKCCNYGCKDECRDPIFVGC | P83952.1 | |
| Crotalus durissus terrificus | Crotamine | NMKILYLLFAFLFLAFLSEPGNAYKQCHKKGGHCFPKEKICLPPSSDFGKMDCRWRWKCCKKGSGKC | Antifungal Antiparasitic | AAF34911.1 |
| Crotalicidin | NMQGFFWKTWLVLAVCGTPASLAHRPLSYGEALELAVSVYNGKAGEASLYRLLEAVPQPEWDPSSEGSQQLNFTLKETACQVEEERSLEECGFQEDGVVLECTGYYFFGETPPVVVLSCVPVGGVEEEEEEEEEEQKAEAENDEEVEKEKGDEEKDQPKRVKRFKKFFKKVKKSVKKRLKKIFKKPMVIGVTIPFC | Antiparasitic | U5KJM4.1 | |
| Frogs and Toads | ||||
| Ascaphus truei | Ascaphin-1 | NGFRDVLKGAAKAFVKTVAGHIANC | Antibacterial | P0CJ25.1 |
| Ascaphin-2 | NGFRDVLKGAAKQFVKTVAGHIANIC | P0CJ26.1 | ||
| Ascaphin-3 | NGFRDVLKGAAKAFVKTVAGHIANIC | P0CJ27.1 | ||
| Ascaphin-4 | NGFKDWIKGAAKKLIKTVAANIANQC | P0CJ28.1 | ||
| Ascaphin-5 | NGIKDWIKGAAKKLIKTVASHIANQC | P0CJ29.1 | ||
| Ascaphin-6 | NGFKDWIKGAAKKLIKTVASSIANEC | P0CJ30.1 | ||
| Ascaphin-7 | NGFKDWIKGAAKKLIKTVASAIANQC | P0CJ31.1 | ||
| Ascaphin-8 | NGFKDLLKGAAKALVKTVLFC | P0CJ32.1 | ||
| Leptodactylus syphax | Syphaxin | NGVLDILKGAAKDLAGHVATKVINKIC | P85279.1 | |
| Limnonectes fujianensis | LFB | NGLFSVVKGVLKGVGKNVSGSLLDQLKCKISGGCC | Antibacterial Antifungal | [108] |
| Bombina maxima1 | Maximin-1 | NMNFKYIVAVSFLLASAYARSEENDEQSLSQRDVLEEESLREIRGIGTKILGGVKTALKGALKELASTYANGKRTAEEHEVMKRLEAVMRDLDSLDYPEEAAERETRSFNQEEIANLFTKKEKRILGPVISTIGGVLGGLLKNLGC | P83080.1 | |
| Maximin-2 | NMNFKYIVAVSFLIASAYARSEENDEQSLSQRDVLEEESLREIRGIGTKILGGVKTALKGALKELASTYVNGKRTAEDHEVMKRLEAVMRDLDSLDYPEEAAERETRGFNQEEIANLFTKKEKRILGPVISTIGGVLGGLLKNLGC | P83081.1 | ||
| Maximin-3 | NMNFKYIVAVSFLIASAYARSVQNDEQSLSQRDVLEEESLREIRGIGGKILSGLKTALKGAAKELASTYLHRRRTAEEHEVMKRLEAVMRDLDSLDYPEEASERETRGFNQDEIANLFTKKEKRILGPVLSMVGSALGGLIKKIGC | P83082.1 | ||
| Maximin-4 | NMNFKYIIAVSFFIASAYARSEEKDVQSLSQRDVLEEESLREIRGIGGVLLSAGKAALKGLAKVLAEKYANGKRTAEDHEVMKRLEAVMRDLDSLDHPEEASERETRGFNQEEIANLFTKKEKRILGPVLGLVGNALGGLIKKIGC | P83083.1 | ||
| Maximin-5 | NMNFKYIVAVSFLIASAYARSVQNDEQSLSQRDVLEEESLREIRSIGAKILGGVKTFFKGALKELASTYLQRKRTAEEQHEVMKRLEAVMRDLDSLDHPEEASEREIRGFNQEEIANLFTKKEKRILGPVISKIGGVLGGLLKNLGC | P83084.1 | ||
| Megophrys minor | Megin 1 | NFLKGCWTKWYSLKPKCPF-NH2C | [110] | |
| Megin 2 | NFFVLKFLLKWAGKVGLEHLACKFKNWCC | [110] | ||
| Rana temporaria | Temporin-A | NFLPLIGRVLSGILC | Antibacterial | P56917.2 |
| Temporin-B | NLLPIVGNLLKSLLC | 6GIL_A | ||
| Temporin-C | NLLPILGNLLNGLLC | P56918.2 | ||
| Temporin-E | NVLPIIGNLLNSLLC | P56920.2 | ||
| Temporin-F | NFLPLIGKVLSGILC | P56921.2 | ||
| Temporin-K | NLLPNLLKSLLC | P56923.2 | ||
| Temporin-L | NFVQWFSKFLGRILC | P57104.1 | ||
Only some examples of maximins are cited in this table; however, more than 40 peptides have been identified and are accessible in the NCBI protein database.